Hyperkeratosis is a condition that causes the skin structure to thicken. It is called stratum corneum and is mainly made from a keratin protein. This condition happens when the skin secretes more keratin than required thus forming scaly, tough or thick skin. Hyperkeratosis is a common phenomenon because it may result from typical frictions or pressures such as calluses; it can present different skin conditions.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is still uncertain, for hyperkeratosis is the histopathologic appearance of many diseases, benign and malignant.
Risk Factors:
Sun exposure: Major factor for actinic keratosis.
Chronic irritation: There are instances when physical forces (friction and pressure) get to develop callus and corn.
Genetics: Involvement is found in such pathologies as psoriasis and keratosis pilaris.
Skin type: Due to poor hydration people with dry skin they are likely to develop hyperkeratotic conditions.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Increased Keratinocyte Production: The basal layer of skin forms more keratinocytes so there is an increase in thickness of the epidermis.
Abnormal Differentiation: Closer to the surface, keratinocytes change their shape, and their maturation process is disrupted, as well as they produce too much keratin.
Irritation or Pressure: Repetitive friction, pressure, or inflammation (from conditions such as eczema or psoriasis) leads to the growth of the keratinocytes.
Barrier Disruption: While intended to protect, the excessive keratin buildup can impair skin flexibility and barrier function, sometimes leading to secondary issues like fissures or infection.
Etiology
Chronic Irritation or Friction:
Corns & calluses are thickened areas of the skin that are formed due to pressure or friction.
Genetic Disorders Ichthyosis: A group of autosomal genetic skin disorders characterized by scaling patches with dry, thickened skin.
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: An inherited dermatopathy that results in extremely increased skin thickness, specifically in areas of skin folding.
Chronic Inflammation: Some skin diseases like psoriasis or eczema cause recurrence of skin inflammation and can also lead to excessive production of keratin leading to thickening of the skin.
Infections: HPV infections such as warts trigger localized hyperkeratosis since they produce abnormal growth of the skin surface as a response to virus invasion.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Lack of vitamin A that hinder normal keratinization yields into hyperkeratotic lesion as observed in phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis).
Environmental Exposure: Long sun exposure or use of artificial sources of UV light may result to actinic keratosis which is a precancerous skin disorder characterised by hyperkeratotic changes.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Chronic irritation or friction: If the hyperkeratosis is due to environmental stimuli, such as pressure or irritation (eg, corns or calluses), removal of the precipitating factor (better shoes, etc) may cure.
Inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis, eczema): Sometimes prognosis might even depend on degree of compliance of the primary disease with medication treatment.
Clinical History
Clinical history
Age Group:
Adults: Some types of hyperkeratosis, for example actinic keratoses (skin lesions dependent on chronic light exposure), are more frequent in middle aged and elderly patients, especially individuals with fair skin type, exposed to the excessive sunlight.
Elderly: Due to relative thinning and attenuation of skin with advancing age, actinic keratosis and other skin conditions associated with hyperkeratosis are more evident in older adults. Other forms of hyperkeratosis include calluses and corns, which are relatively common since the skin tends to build them up because of friction or pressure.
Physical Examination
Location
Texture
Colour
Associated symptoms
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Psoriasis
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Ichthyosis
Lichen Planus
Keratoderma
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Chronic Presentation: Majority of hyperkeratotic conditions are slow progressive and are therefore often of a chronic nature. For example: Calluses and Corns: Evolve over time due to either chronic friction or chronic pressure.
Psoriasis or Eczema: Even diseases like psoriasis, may lead to the formation of hyperkeratotic plaques which are more long standing in nature.
Ichthyosis: An inherited skin disease characterised by diffuse, persistent hyperkeratosis and scaling.
Acute or Rapid-Onset Hyperkeratosis: It hardly happens but may be present in some circumstances:
Palmoplantar Keratoderma: Sudden thickening of the palms and soles, which can appear more acutely in certain hereditary or acquired forms.
Differential Diagnoses
Lichen Planus
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Keratosis Pilaris
Seborrheic Keratosis
Pachyonychia Congenita
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
Treatment Paradigm:
Assessment Diagnosis: First, it is necessary to establish, whether the problem is caused by such conditions as psoriasis, eczema, or keratosis pilaris, etc.
Cryotherapy: Ablation of keratotic lesions; cryotherapy.
Laser Therapy: For targeted treatment of thickened areas.
Chemical Peels: To peel off the upper layers of the skin.
Lifestyle Modifications Skin
Care Routine: Daily washing and moisturizing.
Avoidance of Irritants: Avoiding certain products that may cause skin inflammation.
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
lifestyle-modification-in-treating-hyperkeratosis
Moisturizing the skin:
Humidifier: A humidifier must be applied particularly to regions that are usually dry since dry air exacerbates hyperkeratosis. Hydration : Fluid intake should also be enhanced daily to ensure that cells from within the skin are not getting dry. Temperature Regulation
Avoid Extreme Conditions: Sunlight exposure should be avoided and extreme cold weather conditions must be avoided because they thicken the skin. Sun protection:
Sunscreen: Sun damage may lead to the development of hyperkeratosis, therefore make sure you use sunscreen with a broad spectrum. Protective Clothing: Do appropriate clothing on the body and wear caps while exposing the body directly to sunlight. Skin Care Products:
Moisturizers: One should apply emollients and moisturizers for the skin in order to prevent the accumulation of keratin. Exfoliants: Utilize gentle exfoliating cosmetics holding alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) to more readily stimulate cell turnover while at the same time lightening the thickened skin. Avoid Irritants:
Mild Cleansing: Bath using mild, fragrance-free soap and avoid scrubbing gas it can exacerbate additional damage to the skin and thus is most likely to raise irritation levels, which is a common characteristic of hyperkeratosis. Lifestyle Changes:
Regular Dermatological Care:
Diet: Take nutrient and vitamin rich skin-friendly diet. Follow-up: Generally, remind the patient to come in more often to visit a dermatologist for examination and possible prescription of topical treatment or therapy.
Role of Topical Keratolytic in treating Hyperkeratosis
Dermatology
Salicylic Acid: The preparations are in cream, ointment, or gel forms, thus allowing the scaled-off thickened skin to be flaked off. Urea: Hydrates, removing the outermost layer of the skin. Lactic Acid: Exfoliates, but also hydrates at the same time.
Effectiveness of Retinoids in treating Hyperkeratosis
Tretinoin (Retin-A): A topical retinoid that promotes the reversal of the process of skin cell turnover and decreases the thickening.
Use of Corticosteroids in treating Hyperkeratosis
Topical Corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, betamethasone, etc): They reduce inflammation and help alleviate symptoms related to hyperkeratosis.
Effectiveness of Immunomodulators in treating Hyperkeratosis
Tacrolimus: Topical immunosuppressant of potential utility for specific inflammatory dermatoses.
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy thick lesions such as warts or actinic keratosis.
Laser Therapy: Laser treatments can be used to treat thickened skin; it eliminates hyperkeratosis and smoothen the skin.
Electrosurgery: This one involves using electric current for the excision of thickened areas of skin because of hyperkeratosis.
Curettage: Special surgical instrument known as curette is used to shave off the thickness layers in the skin.
Chemical Peels: These involve applying a chemical solution to remove the outer layers of skin, promoting new skin growth.
role-of-management-in-treating-hyperkeratosis
Assessment and Diagnosis: Assess whether the cause is genetic, environmental, or systemic.
Carry out physical examination and drug history. Treatment (Initial)
Emollients: Lotion- or cream-based products used to help softness of the skin. Keratolytics: Use application of topical agents, such as salicylic acid, urea, or lactic acid. The procedure conducted to soften the skin and subsequently peel away the thickened skin cells. Intermediate Treatment
Topical Retinoids: Use topical retinoids with the aim of promoting cell turnover. Steroid Creams: Topical corticosteroids with anti-inflammatory effect, if necessary. Follow-up and Monitoring: Maintain regular consultations to monitor the response to specific treatments, hence, change treatment plans if needed. Active and Continuous Follow-up and Monitoring: Follow-up should be frequent enough for the achievement of the effectiveness of treatment, hence, therapy must be changed when it is necessary. Skin care and irritant avoidance education Other Advanced Treatment Therapies, if necessary Laser Treatment: Consider having one for resistant cases or aesthetic consideration. Surgical options. Only needed in severe cases like surgical excision of over-expressed keratin.
Indicated for Hyperkeratotic Skin Condition
To the affected skin, apply topically every day or for two-three times a day
It is also used for dry, rough skin for xerosis, dermatitis, ichthyosis, psoriasis, eczema, calluses, and keratoses
Skin Conditioning
This is used to maintain our skin tone
Used as a skin conditioner
Strong cooling that is both immediate and long-lasting is offered by this agent: - Rapid skin reaction (within the first several minutes) - A powerful sense of freshness for 30 minutes; This is a liquid that is easy to work with and doesn't burn your tongue
Hyperkeratosis is a condition that causes the skin structure to thicken. It is called stratum corneum and is mainly made from a keratin protein. This condition happens when the skin secretes more keratin than required thus forming scaly, tough or thick skin. Hyperkeratosis is a common phenomenon because it may result from typical frictions or pressures such as calluses; it can present different skin conditions.
The prevalence is still uncertain, for hyperkeratosis is the histopathologic appearance of many diseases, benign and malignant.
Risk Factors:
Sun exposure: Major factor for actinic keratosis.
Chronic irritation: There are instances when physical forces (friction and pressure) get to develop callus and corn.
Genetics: Involvement is found in such pathologies as psoriasis and keratosis pilaris.
Skin type: Due to poor hydration people with dry skin they are likely to develop hyperkeratotic conditions.
Increased Keratinocyte Production: The basal layer of skin forms more keratinocytes so there is an increase in thickness of the epidermis.
Abnormal Differentiation: Closer to the surface, keratinocytes change their shape, and their maturation process is disrupted, as well as they produce too much keratin.
Irritation or Pressure: Repetitive friction, pressure, or inflammation (from conditions such as eczema or psoriasis) leads to the growth of the keratinocytes.
Barrier Disruption: While intended to protect, the excessive keratin buildup can impair skin flexibility and barrier function, sometimes leading to secondary issues like fissures or infection.
Chronic Irritation or Friction:
Corns & calluses are thickened areas of the skin that are formed due to pressure or friction.
Genetic Disorders Ichthyosis: A group of autosomal genetic skin disorders characterized by scaling patches with dry, thickened skin.
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: An inherited dermatopathy that results in extremely increased skin thickness, specifically in areas of skin folding.
Chronic Inflammation: Some skin diseases like psoriasis or eczema cause recurrence of skin inflammation and can also lead to excessive production of keratin leading to thickening of the skin.
Infections: HPV infections such as warts trigger localized hyperkeratosis since they produce abnormal growth of the skin surface as a response to virus invasion.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Lack of vitamin A that hinder normal keratinization yields into hyperkeratotic lesion as observed in phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis).
Environmental Exposure: Long sun exposure or use of artificial sources of UV light may result to actinic keratosis which is a precancerous skin disorder characterised by hyperkeratotic changes.
Chronic irritation or friction: If the hyperkeratosis is due to environmental stimuli, such as pressure or irritation (eg, corns or calluses), removal of the precipitating factor (better shoes, etc) may cure.
Inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis, eczema): Sometimes prognosis might even depend on degree of compliance of the primary disease with medication treatment.
Clinical history
Age Group:
Adults: Some types of hyperkeratosis, for example actinic keratoses (skin lesions dependent on chronic light exposure), are more frequent in middle aged and elderly patients, especially individuals with fair skin type, exposed to the excessive sunlight.
Elderly: Due to relative thinning and attenuation of skin with advancing age, actinic keratosis and other skin conditions associated with hyperkeratosis are more evident in older adults. Other forms of hyperkeratosis include calluses and corns, which are relatively common since the skin tends to build them up because of friction or pressure.
Location
Texture
Colour
Associated symptoms
Psoriasis
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Ichthyosis
Lichen Planus
Keratoderma
Chronic Presentation: Majority of hyperkeratotic conditions are slow progressive and are therefore often of a chronic nature. For example: Calluses and Corns: Evolve over time due to either chronic friction or chronic pressure.
Psoriasis or Eczema: Even diseases like psoriasis, may lead to the formation of hyperkeratotic plaques which are more long standing in nature.
Ichthyosis: An inherited skin disease characterised by diffuse, persistent hyperkeratosis and scaling.
Acute or Rapid-Onset Hyperkeratosis: It hardly happens but may be present in some circumstances:
Palmoplantar Keratoderma: Sudden thickening of the palms and soles, which can appear more acutely in certain hereditary or acquired forms.
Lichen Planus
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Keratosis Pilaris
Seborrheic Keratosis
Pachyonychia Congenita
Treatment Paradigm:
Assessment Diagnosis: First, it is necessary to establish, whether the problem is caused by such conditions as psoriasis, eczema, or keratosis pilaris, etc.
Cryotherapy: Ablation of keratotic lesions; cryotherapy.
Laser Therapy: For targeted treatment of thickened areas.
Chemical Peels: To peel off the upper layers of the skin.
Lifestyle Modifications Skin
Care Routine: Daily washing and moisturizing.
Avoidance of Irritants: Avoiding certain products that may cause skin inflammation.
Dermatology, General
Moisturizing the skin:
Humidifier: A humidifier must be applied particularly to regions that are usually dry since dry air exacerbates hyperkeratosis. Hydration : Fluid intake should also be enhanced daily to ensure that cells from within the skin are not getting dry. Temperature Regulation
Avoid Extreme Conditions: Sunlight exposure should be avoided and extreme cold weather conditions must be avoided because they thicken the skin. Sun protection:
Sunscreen: Sun damage may lead to the development of hyperkeratosis, therefore make sure you use sunscreen with a broad spectrum. Protective Clothing: Do appropriate clothing on the body and wear caps while exposing the body directly to sunlight. Skin Care Products:
Moisturizers: One should apply emollients and moisturizers for the skin in order to prevent the accumulation of keratin. Exfoliants: Utilize gentle exfoliating cosmetics holding alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) to more readily stimulate cell turnover while at the same time lightening the thickened skin. Avoid Irritants:
Mild Cleansing: Bath using mild, fragrance-free soap and avoid scrubbing gas it can exacerbate additional damage to the skin and thus is most likely to raise irritation levels, which is a common characteristic of hyperkeratosis. Lifestyle Changes:
Regular Dermatological Care:
Diet: Take nutrient and vitamin rich skin-friendly diet. Follow-up: Generally, remind the patient to come in more often to visit a dermatologist for examination and possible prescription of topical treatment or therapy.
Dermatology, General
Dermatology
Salicylic Acid: The preparations are in cream, ointment, or gel forms, thus allowing the scaled-off thickened skin to be flaked off. Urea: Hydrates, removing the outermost layer of the skin. Lactic Acid: Exfoliates, but also hydrates at the same time.
Dermatology, General
Tretinoin (Retin-A): A topical retinoid that promotes the reversal of the process of skin cell turnover and decreases the thickening.
Dermatology, General
Topical Corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, betamethasone, etc): They reduce inflammation and help alleviate symptoms related to hyperkeratosis.
Dermatology, General
Tacrolimus: Topical immunosuppressant of potential utility for specific inflammatory dermatoses.
Dermatology, General
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy thick lesions such as warts or actinic keratosis.
Laser Therapy: Laser treatments can be used to treat thickened skin; it eliminates hyperkeratosis and smoothen the skin.
Electrosurgery: This one involves using electric current for the excision of thickened areas of skin because of hyperkeratosis.
Curettage: Special surgical instrument known as curette is used to shave off the thickness layers in the skin.
Chemical Peels: These involve applying a chemical solution to remove the outer layers of skin, promoting new skin growth.
Dermatology, General
Assessment and Diagnosis: Assess whether the cause is genetic, environmental, or systemic.
Carry out physical examination and drug history. Treatment (Initial)
Emollients: Lotion- or cream-based products used to help softness of the skin. Keratolytics: Use application of topical agents, such as salicylic acid, urea, or lactic acid. The procedure conducted to soften the skin and subsequently peel away the thickened skin cells. Intermediate Treatment
Topical Retinoids: Use topical retinoids with the aim of promoting cell turnover. Steroid Creams: Topical corticosteroids with anti-inflammatory effect, if necessary. Follow-up and Monitoring: Maintain regular consultations to monitor the response to specific treatments, hence, change treatment plans if needed. Active and Continuous Follow-up and Monitoring: Follow-up should be frequent enough for the achievement of the effectiveness of treatment, hence, therapy must be changed when it is necessary. Skin care and irritant avoidance education Other Advanced Treatment Therapies, if necessary Laser Treatment: Consider having one for resistant cases or aesthetic consideration. Surgical options. Only needed in severe cases like surgical excision of over-expressed keratin.
Hyperkeratosis is a condition that causes the skin structure to thicken. It is called stratum corneum and is mainly made from a keratin protein. This condition happens when the skin secretes more keratin than required thus forming scaly, tough or thick skin. Hyperkeratosis is a common phenomenon because it may result from typical frictions or pressures such as calluses; it can present different skin conditions.
The prevalence is still uncertain, for hyperkeratosis is the histopathologic appearance of many diseases, benign and malignant.
Risk Factors:
Sun exposure: Major factor for actinic keratosis.
Chronic irritation: There are instances when physical forces (friction and pressure) get to develop callus and corn.
Genetics: Involvement is found in such pathologies as psoriasis and keratosis pilaris.
Skin type: Due to poor hydration people with dry skin they are likely to develop hyperkeratotic conditions.
Increased Keratinocyte Production: The basal layer of skin forms more keratinocytes so there is an increase in thickness of the epidermis.
Abnormal Differentiation: Closer to the surface, keratinocytes change their shape, and their maturation process is disrupted, as well as they produce too much keratin.
Irritation or Pressure: Repetitive friction, pressure, or inflammation (from conditions such as eczema or psoriasis) leads to the growth of the keratinocytes.
Barrier Disruption: While intended to protect, the excessive keratin buildup can impair skin flexibility and barrier function, sometimes leading to secondary issues like fissures or infection.
Chronic Irritation or Friction:
Corns & calluses are thickened areas of the skin that are formed due to pressure or friction.
Genetic Disorders Ichthyosis: A group of autosomal genetic skin disorders characterized by scaling patches with dry, thickened skin.
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: An inherited dermatopathy that results in extremely increased skin thickness, specifically in areas of skin folding.
Chronic Inflammation: Some skin diseases like psoriasis or eczema cause recurrence of skin inflammation and can also lead to excessive production of keratin leading to thickening of the skin.
Infections: HPV infections such as warts trigger localized hyperkeratosis since they produce abnormal growth of the skin surface as a response to virus invasion.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Lack of vitamin A that hinder normal keratinization yields into hyperkeratotic lesion as observed in phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis).
Environmental Exposure: Long sun exposure or use of artificial sources of UV light may result to actinic keratosis which is a precancerous skin disorder characterised by hyperkeratotic changes.
Chronic irritation or friction: If the hyperkeratosis is due to environmental stimuli, such as pressure or irritation (eg, corns or calluses), removal of the precipitating factor (better shoes, etc) may cure.
Inflammatory conditions (e.g., psoriasis, eczema): Sometimes prognosis might even depend on degree of compliance of the primary disease with medication treatment.
Clinical history
Age Group:
Adults: Some types of hyperkeratosis, for example actinic keratoses (skin lesions dependent on chronic light exposure), are more frequent in middle aged and elderly patients, especially individuals with fair skin type, exposed to the excessive sunlight.
Elderly: Due to relative thinning and attenuation of skin with advancing age, actinic keratosis and other skin conditions associated with hyperkeratosis are more evident in older adults. Other forms of hyperkeratosis include calluses and corns, which are relatively common since the skin tends to build them up because of friction or pressure.
Location
Texture
Colour
Associated symptoms
Psoriasis
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Ichthyosis
Lichen Planus
Keratoderma
Chronic Presentation: Majority of hyperkeratotic conditions are slow progressive and are therefore often of a chronic nature. For example: Calluses and Corns: Evolve over time due to either chronic friction or chronic pressure.
Psoriasis or Eczema: Even diseases like psoriasis, may lead to the formation of hyperkeratotic plaques which are more long standing in nature.
Ichthyosis: An inherited skin disease characterised by diffuse, persistent hyperkeratosis and scaling.
Acute or Rapid-Onset Hyperkeratosis: It hardly happens but may be present in some circumstances:
Palmoplantar Keratoderma: Sudden thickening of the palms and soles, which can appear more acutely in certain hereditary or acquired forms.
Lichen Planus
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)
Keratosis Pilaris
Seborrheic Keratosis
Pachyonychia Congenita
Treatment Paradigm:
Assessment Diagnosis: First, it is necessary to establish, whether the problem is caused by such conditions as psoriasis, eczema, or keratosis pilaris, etc.
Cryotherapy: Ablation of keratotic lesions; cryotherapy.
Laser Therapy: For targeted treatment of thickened areas.
Chemical Peels: To peel off the upper layers of the skin.
Lifestyle Modifications Skin
Care Routine: Daily washing and moisturizing.
Avoidance of Irritants: Avoiding certain products that may cause skin inflammation.
Dermatology, General
Moisturizing the skin:
Humidifier: A humidifier must be applied particularly to regions that are usually dry since dry air exacerbates hyperkeratosis. Hydration : Fluid intake should also be enhanced daily to ensure that cells from within the skin are not getting dry. Temperature Regulation
Avoid Extreme Conditions: Sunlight exposure should be avoided and extreme cold weather conditions must be avoided because they thicken the skin. Sun protection:
Sunscreen: Sun damage may lead to the development of hyperkeratosis, therefore make sure you use sunscreen with a broad spectrum. Protective Clothing: Do appropriate clothing on the body and wear caps while exposing the body directly to sunlight. Skin Care Products:
Moisturizers: One should apply emollients and moisturizers for the skin in order to prevent the accumulation of keratin. Exfoliants: Utilize gentle exfoliating cosmetics holding alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) or beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) to more readily stimulate cell turnover while at the same time lightening the thickened skin. Avoid Irritants:
Mild Cleansing: Bath using mild, fragrance-free soap and avoid scrubbing gas it can exacerbate additional damage to the skin and thus is most likely to raise irritation levels, which is a common characteristic of hyperkeratosis. Lifestyle Changes:
Regular Dermatological Care:
Diet: Take nutrient and vitamin rich skin-friendly diet. Follow-up: Generally, remind the patient to come in more often to visit a dermatologist for examination and possible prescription of topical treatment or therapy.
Dermatology, General
Dermatology
Salicylic Acid: The preparations are in cream, ointment, or gel forms, thus allowing the scaled-off thickened skin to be flaked off. Urea: Hydrates, removing the outermost layer of the skin. Lactic Acid: Exfoliates, but also hydrates at the same time.
Dermatology, General
Tretinoin (Retin-A): A topical retinoid that promotes the reversal of the process of skin cell turnover and decreases the thickening.
Dermatology, General
Topical Corticosteroids (hydrocortisone, betamethasone, etc): They reduce inflammation and help alleviate symptoms related to hyperkeratosis.
Dermatology, General
Tacrolimus: Topical immunosuppressant of potential utility for specific inflammatory dermatoses.
Dermatology, General
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy thick lesions such as warts or actinic keratosis.
Laser Therapy: Laser treatments can be used to treat thickened skin; it eliminates hyperkeratosis and smoothen the skin.
Electrosurgery: This one involves using electric current for the excision of thickened areas of skin because of hyperkeratosis.
Curettage: Special surgical instrument known as curette is used to shave off the thickness layers in the skin.
Chemical Peels: These involve applying a chemical solution to remove the outer layers of skin, promoting new skin growth.
Dermatology, General
Assessment and Diagnosis: Assess whether the cause is genetic, environmental, or systemic.
Carry out physical examination and drug history. Treatment (Initial)
Emollients: Lotion- or cream-based products used to help softness of the skin. Keratolytics: Use application of topical agents, such as salicylic acid, urea, or lactic acid. The procedure conducted to soften the skin and subsequently peel away the thickened skin cells. Intermediate Treatment
Topical Retinoids: Use topical retinoids with the aim of promoting cell turnover. Steroid Creams: Topical corticosteroids with anti-inflammatory effect, if necessary. Follow-up and Monitoring: Maintain regular consultations to monitor the response to specific treatments, hence, change treatment plans if needed. Active and Continuous Follow-up and Monitoring: Follow-up should be frequent enough for the achievement of the effectiveness of treatment, hence, therapy must be changed when it is necessary. Skin care and irritant avoidance education Other Advanced Treatment Therapies, if necessary Laser Treatment: Consider having one for resistant cases or aesthetic consideration. Surgical options. Only needed in severe cases like surgical excision of over-expressed keratin.
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
