A penicillin-sensitive, gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family is called Pasteurella multocida. Following cat and dog scratches or bites, Pasteurella multocida occurs as the most frequent cause of Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) among humans.
SSTI frequently follows Pasteurella multocida vaccination. But, particularly in the elderly, immunosuppressed, and newborns, respiratory as well as other severe invasive infestations, like meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia can also happen.
Penicillin is virtually always effective against Pasteurella multocida infestations, making it the premier line of defense. Cephalosporins (second and third generation), tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones can be utilized in rare instances of penicillin drug resistance.
Epidemiology
Every year, emergency rooms in the US see about 3 million patients for bites or scratches from animals. The pathogen most frequently linked to infection in these patients is P. multocida. Most animals, both domestic and wild, have Pasteurella genera as part of their regular oral and URTI (upper respiratory tract) flora. Cats have the highest rates of carriage, ranging from 70 percent to 90 percent.
With a range of 20 percent to 50 percent, dogs always had the second-highest proportion of carriage. As a result, one research showed that 75 percent of wound samples from cat scratch/bite and 50 percent of wound samples involving dog scratch/bite contained Pasteurella forms. Less frequently, Pasteurella disease can happen without any physical harm.
Even though they are uncommon, patients who were just licked by an animal have occasionally developed life-threatening infections. Respiratory tract infections are uncommon and virtually always affect people with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases. Invasive illnesses like endocarditis and meningitis also follow this pattern. These typically affect newborns, aged old, or those with impaired immune systems.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Coccobacillus P. multocida is gram-negative. It is a facultative, non-motile anaerobe that typically responds to penicillin. Five widely isolated serogroups (A (hyaluronic acid), B, D (heparin), E, as well as F (chondroitin)) are categorized based on the polysaccharide capsule’s structure. Serotypes A (hyaluronic acid) and D (heparin) are responsible for the majority of infections in humans.
The bacteria have a number of components that increase their virulence, such as a lipopolysaccharide particle on the surface, iron absorption proteins, a polysaccharide shell that prevents host immune-mediated death, and the P. multocida toxin. Animal bites or scratches are the most typical way that Pasteurella multocida infections occur.
This infection often spreads quickly and begins to manifest 24 hours after the injury. Erythematous puffiness, discomfort, and frequently purulent discharge are its defining features. Cellulitis might appear about 1 to 2 days after exposure. Rarely, necrotizing fasciitis (Flesh-eating disease) could also manifest with an infection that progresses quickly and discomfort that is excessive for the physical examination.
Distal to the injury, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis may also appear in parallel to soft tissue injury. Patients who have concomitant conditions including diabetes, corticosteroid usage, or alcoholism are more likely to develop these infections. Patients who have had joint damage due to degenerative illness or joint problems are also more likely to have these infections.
It’s interesting to note that up to 1/3rd of instances of P. multocida-induced septic arthritis do not start with bite and scratch injuries. Pasteurella multocida respiratory illness has a very non-specific pattern, and common symptoms include fever, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. The most frequent infection is pneumonia. However, empyema, tracheobronchitis, and pulmonary abscesses can all happen. There are no distinguishing characteristics unique to the Pasteurella pathogen in other invasive illnesses like meningitis, endocarditis, or sepsis.
Etiology
The most frequent soft tissue injury after a scratch or bite injury is caused by P. multocida. Although injuries from domesticated pets like cats and dogs are most frequently linked to Pasteurella infection, the bacteria can also spread through other species like rabbits, rats, horses, and thus more.
There have been occurrences of Pasteurella meningitis and osteitis after just being licked by a carrier species, proving that a piercing wound is not necessarily required for the disease to be transmitted.
Respiratory tract and several other invading illnesses, such as meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia, are uncommon and virtually always affect the elderly, the immunosuppressed, newborns, and people with chronic respiratory diseases.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
P. multocida -related SSTIs typically run their course without any complications and go away when treated properly. However, due to the high rates of complications, infections in the hand have a poorer prognosis.
Septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis are a few potential consequences that could lead to prolonged morbidity. The prognosis is substantially worse in more severe presentations like bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. 25 percent to 30 percent of people die in these circumstances.
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
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Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
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Medication
Future Trends
Media Gallary
References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/
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A penicillin-sensitive, gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family is called Pasteurella multocida. Following cat and dog scratches or bites, Pasteurella multocida occurs as the most frequent cause of Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) among humans.
SSTI frequently follows Pasteurella multocida vaccination. But, particularly in the elderly, immunosuppressed, and newborns, respiratory as well as other severe invasive infestations, like meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia can also happen.
Penicillin is virtually always effective against Pasteurella multocida infestations, making it the premier line of defense. Cephalosporins (second and third generation), tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones can be utilized in rare instances of penicillin drug resistance.
Every year, emergency rooms in the US see about 3 million patients for bites or scratches from animals. The pathogen most frequently linked to infection in these patients is P. multocida. Most animals, both domestic and wild, have Pasteurella genera as part of their regular oral and URTI (upper respiratory tract) flora. Cats have the highest rates of carriage, ranging from 70 percent to 90 percent.
With a range of 20 percent to 50 percent, dogs always had the second-highest proportion of carriage. As a result, one research showed that 75 percent of wound samples from cat scratch/bite and 50 percent of wound samples involving dog scratch/bite contained Pasteurella forms. Less frequently, Pasteurella disease can happen without any physical harm.
Even though they are uncommon, patients who were just licked by an animal have occasionally developed life-threatening infections. Respiratory tract infections are uncommon and virtually always affect people with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases. Invasive illnesses like endocarditis and meningitis also follow this pattern. These typically affect newborns, aged old, or those with impaired immune systems.
Coccobacillus P. multocida is gram-negative. It is a facultative, non-motile anaerobe that typically responds to penicillin. Five widely isolated serogroups (A (hyaluronic acid), B, D (heparin), E, as well as F (chondroitin)) are categorized based on the polysaccharide capsule’s structure. Serotypes A (hyaluronic acid) and D (heparin) are responsible for the majority of infections in humans.
The bacteria have a number of components that increase their virulence, such as a lipopolysaccharide particle on the surface, iron absorption proteins, a polysaccharide shell that prevents host immune-mediated death, and the P. multocida toxin. Animal bites or scratches are the most typical way that Pasteurella multocida infections occur.
This infection often spreads quickly and begins to manifest 24 hours after the injury. Erythematous puffiness, discomfort, and frequently purulent discharge are its defining features. Cellulitis might appear about 1 to 2 days after exposure. Rarely, necrotizing fasciitis (Flesh-eating disease) could also manifest with an infection that progresses quickly and discomfort that is excessive for the physical examination.
Distal to the injury, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis may also appear in parallel to soft tissue injury. Patients who have concomitant conditions including diabetes, corticosteroid usage, or alcoholism are more likely to develop these infections. Patients who have had joint damage due to degenerative illness or joint problems are also more likely to have these infections.
It’s interesting to note that up to 1/3rd of instances of P. multocida-induced septic arthritis do not start with bite and scratch injuries. Pasteurella multocida respiratory illness has a very non-specific pattern, and common symptoms include fever, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. The most frequent infection is pneumonia. However, empyema, tracheobronchitis, and pulmonary abscesses can all happen. There are no distinguishing characteristics unique to the Pasteurella pathogen in other invasive illnesses like meningitis, endocarditis, or sepsis.
The most frequent soft tissue injury after a scratch or bite injury is caused by P. multocida. Although injuries from domesticated pets like cats and dogs are most frequently linked to Pasteurella infection, the bacteria can also spread through other species like rabbits, rats, horses, and thus more.
There have been occurrences of Pasteurella meningitis and osteitis after just being licked by a carrier species, proving that a piercing wound is not necessarily required for the disease to be transmitted.
Respiratory tract and several other invading illnesses, such as meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia, are uncommon and virtually always affect the elderly, the immunosuppressed, newborns, and people with chronic respiratory diseases.
P. multocida -related SSTIs typically run their course without any complications and go away when treated properly. However, due to the high rates of complications, infections in the hand have a poorer prognosis.
Septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis are a few potential consequences that could lead to prolonged morbidity. The prognosis is substantially worse in more severe presentations like bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. 25 percent to 30 percent of people die in these circumstances.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/
medtigo
Pasteurella Multocida Infection
Updated :
September 4, 2023
A penicillin-sensitive, gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family is called Pasteurella multocida. Following cat and dog scratches or bites, Pasteurella multocida occurs as the most frequent cause of Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) among humans.
SSTI frequently follows Pasteurella multocida vaccination. But, particularly in the elderly, immunosuppressed, and newborns, respiratory as well as other severe invasive infestations, like meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia can also happen.
Penicillin is virtually always effective against Pasteurella multocida infestations, making it the premier line of defense. Cephalosporins (second and third generation), tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones can be utilized in rare instances of penicillin drug resistance.
Every year, emergency rooms in the US see about 3 million patients for bites or scratches from animals. The pathogen most frequently linked to infection in these patients is P. multocida. Most animals, both domestic and wild, have Pasteurella genera as part of their regular oral and URTI (upper respiratory tract) flora. Cats have the highest rates of carriage, ranging from 70 percent to 90 percent.
With a range of 20 percent to 50 percent, dogs always had the second-highest proportion of carriage. As a result, one research showed that 75 percent of wound samples from cat scratch/bite and 50 percent of wound samples involving dog scratch/bite contained Pasteurella forms. Less frequently, Pasteurella disease can happen without any physical harm.
Even though they are uncommon, patients who were just licked by an animal have occasionally developed life-threatening infections. Respiratory tract infections are uncommon and virtually always affect people with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases. Invasive illnesses like endocarditis and meningitis also follow this pattern. These typically affect newborns, aged old, or those with impaired immune systems.
Coccobacillus P. multocida is gram-negative. It is a facultative, non-motile anaerobe that typically responds to penicillin. Five widely isolated serogroups (A (hyaluronic acid), B, D (heparin), E, as well as F (chondroitin)) are categorized based on the polysaccharide capsule’s structure. Serotypes A (hyaluronic acid) and D (heparin) are responsible for the majority of infections in humans.
The bacteria have a number of components that increase their virulence, such as a lipopolysaccharide particle on the surface, iron absorption proteins, a polysaccharide shell that prevents host immune-mediated death, and the P. multocida toxin. Animal bites or scratches are the most typical way that Pasteurella multocida infections occur.
This infection often spreads quickly and begins to manifest 24 hours after the injury. Erythematous puffiness, discomfort, and frequently purulent discharge are its defining features. Cellulitis might appear about 1 to 2 days after exposure. Rarely, necrotizing fasciitis (Flesh-eating disease) could also manifest with an infection that progresses quickly and discomfort that is excessive for the physical examination.
Distal to the injury, septic arthritis or osteomyelitis may also appear in parallel to soft tissue injury. Patients who have concomitant conditions including diabetes, corticosteroid usage, or alcoholism are more likely to develop these infections. Patients who have had joint damage due to degenerative illness or joint problems are also more likely to have these infections.
It’s interesting to note that up to 1/3rd of instances of P. multocida-induced septic arthritis do not start with bite and scratch injuries. Pasteurella multocida respiratory illness has a very non-specific pattern, and common symptoms include fever, chest tightness, coughing, and shortness of breath. The most frequent infection is pneumonia. However, empyema, tracheobronchitis, and pulmonary abscesses can all happen. There are no distinguishing characteristics unique to the Pasteurella pathogen in other invasive illnesses like meningitis, endocarditis, or sepsis.
The most frequent soft tissue injury after a scratch or bite injury is caused by P. multocida. Although injuries from domesticated pets like cats and dogs are most frequently linked to Pasteurella infection, the bacteria can also spread through other species like rabbits, rats, horses, and thus more.
There have been occurrences of Pasteurella meningitis and osteitis after just being licked by a carrier species, proving that a piercing wound is not necessarily required for the disease to be transmitted.
Respiratory tract and several other invading illnesses, such as meningitis, endocarditis, and bacteremia, are uncommon and virtually always affect the elderly, the immunosuppressed, newborns, and people with chronic respiratory diseases.
P. multocida -related SSTIs typically run their course without any complications and go away when treated properly. However, due to the high rates of complications, infections in the hand have a poorer prognosis.
Septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis are a few potential consequences that could lead to prolonged morbidity. The prognosis is substantially worse in more severe presentations like bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. 25 percent to 30 percent of people die in these circumstances.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557629/
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