It is an uncommon disorder in which a blood clot develops in the renal veins or branches. RVT is most caused by hereditary thrombophilia and nephrotic syndrome.French nephrologist– Rayer was the first to describe RVT in the 1840s. Bilateral involvement of the renal veins occurs in nearly two thirds of patients. Because of its more extensive venous network the left renal vein is affected more frequently than the right. The kidney swells and becomes engorged due to the severe passive congestion that develops.
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Since RVT frequently resolves on its own without any symptoms and the precise data on its prevalence in adults in the US are hard to come by. There is a great deal of variation because 5 to 60 percent of patients with membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome have been reported to have RVT.
Demographics
RVT is primarily possible in intrauterine life when factor V Leiden is present. There are no data on the frequency of RVT that are sex specific. In theory the membranous nephropathy has a 2:1 male-to-female ratio; consequently there might be a predominance of men with RVT.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Damage to the vascular endothelium resulting from damage to the vessel wall or from homocysteinuria where elevated homocysteine levels induce endothelium microtrauma spontaneously.
Blood flow stasis, for instance, in infants suffering from severe dehydration or volume depletion.
Etiology
Hemo-concentration may result from low oncotic pressure gradients, which may exacerbate hypercoagulability. Systemic hypercoagulability may also be brought on by other features of the underlying nephropathy that are not mentioned above.
RVT is often caused by tumors (mostly RCC) that invade the renal vein. A large tumor may spread into the inferior vena cava (IVC). A prothrombotic environment can also result from extrinsic compression due to mass effect may even in cases where there is no direct vein invasion.
When there is systemic hypercoagulability the thrombosis usually starts in the arcuate and intralobular venules and spreads outward. Thrombosis usually starts in the main renal vein or its major tributaries in cases where it is caused by external compression or instrumentation.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
After therapy, the prognosis is beneficial. However, the underlying cause of RVT determines its morbidity and mortality. For instance, complications from the cancer itself or thromboembolism at other sites, like PE or DVT, may occur in cases of RVT secondary to malignancy. According to a retrospective cohort study, the prognosis of RVT caused by nephrotic syndrome revealed a 40% mortality at six months in 27 patients with RVT. Nephrotic syndrome resolution and stable renal function were observed in the survivors. After a renal transplant, RVT typically leads to graft failure and has a poor prognosis, especially in the first month following the procedure.
Clinical History
Age group
Although it can happen to anyone of any age, adults are more likely to experience renal vein thrombosis (RVT), especially those in their 30s to 60s. Though less commonly, it can also happen in pediatric populations.
Physical Examination
Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) can present with a variety of physical examination findings, and the degree of symptoms
may vary.
Flank Tenderness: When the afflicted kidney region is palpated, the patient may feel pain or tenderness. RVT frequently manifests as flank pain, which may be a significant clinical indicator.
Nephromegaly: During a physical examination, swelling or enlargement of the affected kidney may be found. This may be the consequence of blood flow restriction and subsequent kidney congestion.
Blood Pressure Measurement: Hypertension (high blood pressure) can be associated with RVT, particularly if the thrombosis leads to decreased renal perfusion. Measurements of blood pressure in both arms should be made to look for any notable variations.
Signs of Fluid Retention: Peripheral edema, or swelling in the legs and ankles, is one indicator that there may be fluid retention. If renal function is impaired and fluid regulation is impacted, this can happen.
Examination of the abdomen: Studying the abdomen can reveal additional information, such as masses or discomfort, which may be linked to the underlying causes of RVT.
Systemic Signs: The patient may show systemic signs of infection (such as fever), signs of hypercoagulable states, or symptoms of concomitant conditions, depending on the underlying cause of RVT.
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Nephrotic syndrome: RVT is often associated with nephrotic syndrome, especially in adults. It is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria (proteinuria), low proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation (edema). Conditions of excessive coagulation: Conditions that increase the risk of coagulation, such as inherited thrombophilia (e.g. factor V Leiden mutation, protein C or S deficiency). in), antiphospholipid syndrome, or malignancy, may predispose to RVT Dehydration: Dehydration conditions or decreased tissue volume may increase the risk of RVT which is especially in individuals with predisposing factors such as nephrotic syndrome or certain medications they drink in it Postoperative or stroke: RVT can occur after surgery involving the kidney or adjacent structures or after severe trauma.
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Side pain: Sudden onset or gradual progression of side pain and usually in the affected kidney which is one of the hallmarks of RVT.
Blood loss: Blood in the urine ranges from microscopic urine to pale yellow urine.
Diarrhea: Especially under or around the eyes. Diarrhea can result from kidney dysfunction and dehydration
Differential Diagnoses
Imaging of renal cell carcinoma
Pulmonary embolism
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
Anticoagulation Therapy: Anticoagulants are given to prevent the clotting and spreading. With immediate anticoagulation where heparin may be used first which is followed by oral anticoagulants such as warfarin or platelet inhibitors direct (DOACs) have been used. Anticoagulation therapy duration is determined by variables like the underlying cause and recurrence risk.
Thrombolysis: It could be an option when there is a significant blood clot and severe symptoms present. This treatment involves using medications to dissolve the clot. This approach is saved for cases with a heightened chance of complications.
Management of Hypertension: To control hypertension and reduce the risk of future complications and appropriate antihypertensive medications should be prescribed if hypertension or hypertension occurs
Management of pain: The flank pain brought on by RVT may be treated with analgesic drugs.
Nutritious Diet: Eat fewer highly salted, high-cholesterol and saturated or trans fats. While variety is wise, excess can lead down an unhealthy path.
Stay Hydrated: For blood viscosity within normal parameters one must consume sufficient H2O.
Use of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Benzapril: It stops the production of the strong vasoconstrictor angiotensin II from angiotensin I. The medicinal drug lowers glomerular hydraulic stress inside the kidney by which lowers protein filtration.
Enalapril: The medicine works through blockading the producing of a powerful vasoconstrictor referred to as angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This leads to a lower in aldosterone secretion and an boom in plasma renin ranges. As a cease result, the drug enables to decrease the glomerular hydraulic strain in the kidney by decreasing protein filtration.
Use of Angiotensin receptor blockers
Candesartan: It results in reduced vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema where no impact on the bradykinin response and improved renin-angiotensin system inhibition as compared to ACEIs.
Losartan: losartan inhibits the angiotensin II vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. It may result in the decreased vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema.
Use of anticoagulants
These substances inhibit clotting and prevent clotting.
Heparin: Unfractionated drugs administered IV (therapeutic dose) or SC (prophylactic dose) bind to many proteins with antithrombin which activates thrombin, which induces clotting, and this eventually stops coagulation, producing bleeding contraction and prolonged coagulation time.
Warfarin: Warfarin dosing varies and is differentially influenced by several patient characteristics which includes genetic and coexisting medical conditions along with drugs and communications.
Enoxaparin: To inhibit the coagulation cascade, it binds antithrombin III and indirectly upregulates it.
intervention-of-procedure
When direct thrombus removal or blood flow restoration is required, surgical interventions for renal vein thrombosis (RVT) are taken into consideration. The following surgical procedures for R\VT are possible:
Thrombectomy: Using open procedure or minimally invasive techniques the thrombectomy is a surgical operation that includes removing a clot of blood from the renal vein. It is frequently carried out if there is a critical need for clot removal owing to a substantial or symptomatic clot load.
Angioplasty and Stenting: When treating chronic RVT where this method is more frequently used.
Procedure: To widen the vein’s narrowed section a balloon is inflated during angioplasty. A stent may be inserted in certain situations to help keep the vein open and sustain blood flow.
Bypass Procedures: In rare cases if there is a major venous block and blood flow has to be rerouted around the stopped location which is a bypass procedure may be an option.
Procedure: A bypass graft is made by the surgeon to divert the blocked section of a renal vein and establish a new blood flow channel.
phases-of-management
Depending on the particulars of the patient where the severity of the thrombosisand the level of symptoms the approach may change. Doppler ultrasounds are examples of diagnostic imaging procedures that are utilized to confirm the diagnosis during the acute phase. The diagnosis is made and fast action is taken. It is common practice to initiate immediate anticoagulation to manage symptoms and stop new clot development. It is important to analyze the underlying reasons.
It is an uncommon disorder in which a blood clot develops in the renal veins or branches. RVT is most caused by hereditary thrombophilia and nephrotic syndrome.French nephrologist– Rayer was the first to describe RVT in the 1840s. Bilateral involvement of the renal veins occurs in nearly two thirds of patients. Because of its more extensive venous network the left renal vein is affected more frequently than the right. The kidney swells and becomes engorged due to the severe passive congestion that develops.
Prevalence
Since RVT frequently resolves on its own without any symptoms and the precise data on its prevalence in adults in the US are hard to come by. There is a great deal of variation because 5 to 60 percent of patients with membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome have been reported to have RVT.
Demographics
RVT is primarily possible in intrauterine life when factor V Leiden is present. There are no data on the frequency of RVT that are sex specific. In theory the membranous nephropathy has a 2:1 male-to-female ratio; consequently there might be a predominance of men with RVT.
Damage to the vascular endothelium resulting from damage to the vessel wall or from homocysteinuria where elevated homocysteine levels induce endothelium microtrauma spontaneously.
Blood flow stasis, for instance, in infants suffering from severe dehydration or volume depletion.
Hemo-concentration may result from low oncotic pressure gradients, which may exacerbate hypercoagulability. Systemic hypercoagulability may also be brought on by other features of the underlying nephropathy that are not mentioned above.
RVT is often caused by tumors (mostly RCC) that invade the renal vein. A large tumor may spread into the inferior vena cava (IVC). A prothrombotic environment can also result from extrinsic compression due to mass effect may even in cases where there is no direct vein invasion.
When there is systemic hypercoagulability the thrombosis usually starts in the arcuate and intralobular venules and spreads outward. Thrombosis usually starts in the main renal vein or its major tributaries in cases where it is caused by external compression or instrumentation.
After therapy, the prognosis is beneficial. However, the underlying cause of RVT determines its morbidity and mortality. For instance, complications from the cancer itself or thromboembolism at other sites, like PE or DVT, may occur in cases of RVT secondary to malignancy. According to a retrospective cohort study, the prognosis of RVT caused by nephrotic syndrome revealed a 40% mortality at six months in 27 patients with RVT. Nephrotic syndrome resolution and stable renal function were observed in the survivors. After a renal transplant, RVT typically leads to graft failure and has a poor prognosis, especially in the first month following the procedure.
Age group
Although it can happen to anyone of any age, adults are more likely to experience renal vein thrombosis (RVT), especially those in their 30s to 60s. Though less commonly, it can also happen in pediatric populations.
Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) can present with a variety of physical examination findings, and the degree of symptoms
may vary.
Flank Tenderness: When the afflicted kidney region is palpated, the patient may feel pain or tenderness. RVT frequently manifests as flank pain, which may be a significant clinical indicator.
Nephromegaly: During a physical examination, swelling or enlargement of the affected kidney may be found. This may be the consequence of blood flow restriction and subsequent kidney congestion.
Blood Pressure Measurement: Hypertension (high blood pressure) can be associated with RVT, particularly if the thrombosis leads to decreased renal perfusion. Measurements of blood pressure in both arms should be made to look for any notable variations.
Signs of Fluid Retention: Peripheral edema, or swelling in the legs and ankles, is one indicator that there may be fluid retention. If renal function is impaired and fluid regulation is impacted, this can happen.
Examination of the abdomen: Studying the abdomen can reveal additional information, such as masses or discomfort, which may be linked to the underlying causes of RVT.
Systemic Signs: The patient may show systemic signs of infection (such as fever), signs of hypercoagulable states, or symptoms of concomitant conditions, depending on the underlying cause of RVT.
Nephrotic syndrome: RVT is often associated with nephrotic syndrome, especially in adults. It is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria (proteinuria), low proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation (edema). Conditions of excessive coagulation: Conditions that increase the risk of coagulation, such as inherited thrombophilia (e.g. factor V Leiden mutation, protein C or S deficiency). in), antiphospholipid syndrome, or malignancy, may predispose to RVT Dehydration: Dehydration conditions or decreased tissue volume may increase the risk of RVT which is especially in individuals with predisposing factors such as nephrotic syndrome or certain medications they drink in it Postoperative or stroke: RVT can occur after surgery involving the kidney or adjacent structures or after severe trauma.
Side pain: Sudden onset or gradual progression of side pain and usually in the affected kidney which is one of the hallmarks of RVT.
Blood loss: Blood in the urine ranges from microscopic urine to pale yellow urine.
Diarrhea: Especially under or around the eyes. Diarrhea can result from kidney dysfunction and dehydration
Imaging of renal cell carcinoma
Pulmonary embolism
Anticoagulation Therapy: Anticoagulants are given to prevent the clotting and spreading. With immediate anticoagulation where heparin may be used first which is followed by oral anticoagulants such as warfarin or platelet inhibitors direct (DOACs) have been used. Anticoagulation therapy duration is determined by variables like the underlying cause and recurrence risk.
Thrombolysis: It could be an option when there is a significant blood clot and severe symptoms present. This treatment involves using medications to dissolve the clot. This approach is saved for cases with a heightened chance of complications.
Management of Hypertension: To control hypertension and reduce the risk of future complications and appropriate antihypertensive medications should be prescribed if hypertension or hypertension occurs
Management of pain: The flank pain brought on by RVT may be treated with analgesic drugs.
Nutrition
Nutritious Diet: Eat fewer highly salted, high-cholesterol and saturated or trans fats. While variety is wise, excess can lead down an unhealthy path.
Stay Hydrated: For blood viscosity within normal parameters one must consume sufficient H2O.
Nephrology
Benzapril: It stops the production of the strong vasoconstrictor angiotensin II from angiotensin I. The medicinal drug lowers glomerular hydraulic stress inside the kidney by which lowers protein filtration.
Enalapril: The medicine works through blockading the producing of a powerful vasoconstrictor referred to as angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This leads to a lower in aldosterone secretion and an boom in plasma renin ranges. As a cease result, the drug enables to decrease the glomerular hydraulic strain in the kidney by decreasing protein filtration.
Nephrology
Candesartan: It results in reduced vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema where no impact on the bradykinin response and improved renin-angiotensin system inhibition as compared to ACEIs.
Losartan: losartan inhibits the angiotensin II vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. It may result in the decreased vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema.
Nephrology
These substances inhibit clotting and prevent clotting.
Heparin: Unfractionated drugs administered IV (therapeutic dose) or SC (prophylactic dose) bind to many proteins with antithrombin which activates thrombin, which induces clotting, and this eventually stops coagulation, producing bleeding contraction and prolonged coagulation time.
Warfarin: Warfarin dosing varies and is differentially influenced by several patient characteristics which includes genetic and coexisting medical conditions along with drugs and communications.
Enoxaparin: To inhibit the coagulation cascade, it binds antithrombin III and indirectly upregulates it.
Nephrology
When direct thrombus removal or blood flow restoration is required, surgical interventions for renal vein thrombosis (RVT) are taken into consideration. The following surgical procedures for R\VT are possible:
Thrombectomy: Using open procedure or minimally invasive techniques the thrombectomy is a surgical operation that includes removing a clot of blood from the renal vein. It is frequently carried out if there is a critical need for clot removal owing to a substantial or symptomatic clot load.
Angioplasty and Stenting: When treating chronic RVT where this method is more frequently used.
Procedure: To widen the vein’s narrowed section a balloon is inflated during angioplasty. A stent may be inserted in certain situations to help keep the vein open and sustain blood flow.
Bypass Procedures: In rare cases if there is a major venous block and blood flow has to be rerouted around the stopped location which is a bypass procedure may be an option.
Procedure: A bypass graft is made by the surgeon to divert the blocked section of a renal vein and establish a new blood flow channel.
Nephrology
Depending on the particulars of the patient where the severity of the thrombosisand the level of symptoms the approach may change. Doppler ultrasounds are examples of diagnostic imaging procedures that are utilized to confirm the diagnosis during the acute phase. The diagnosis is made and fast action is taken. It is common practice to initiate immediate anticoagulation to manage symptoms and stop new clot development. It is important to analyze the underlying reasons.
It is an uncommon disorder in which a blood clot develops in the renal veins or branches. RVT is most caused by hereditary thrombophilia and nephrotic syndrome.French nephrologist– Rayer was the first to describe RVT in the 1840s. Bilateral involvement of the renal veins occurs in nearly two thirds of patients. Because of its more extensive venous network the left renal vein is affected more frequently than the right. The kidney swells and becomes engorged due to the severe passive congestion that develops.
Prevalence
Since RVT frequently resolves on its own without any symptoms and the precise data on its prevalence in adults in the US are hard to come by. There is a great deal of variation because 5 to 60 percent of patients with membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome have been reported to have RVT.
Demographics
RVT is primarily possible in intrauterine life when factor V Leiden is present. There are no data on the frequency of RVT that are sex specific. In theory the membranous nephropathy has a 2:1 male-to-female ratio; consequently there might be a predominance of men with RVT.
Damage to the vascular endothelium resulting from damage to the vessel wall or from homocysteinuria where elevated homocysteine levels induce endothelium microtrauma spontaneously.
Blood flow stasis, for instance, in infants suffering from severe dehydration or volume depletion.
Hemo-concentration may result from low oncotic pressure gradients, which may exacerbate hypercoagulability. Systemic hypercoagulability may also be brought on by other features of the underlying nephropathy that are not mentioned above.
RVT is often caused by tumors (mostly RCC) that invade the renal vein. A large tumor may spread into the inferior vena cava (IVC). A prothrombotic environment can also result from extrinsic compression due to mass effect may even in cases where there is no direct vein invasion.
When there is systemic hypercoagulability the thrombosis usually starts in the arcuate and intralobular venules and spreads outward. Thrombosis usually starts in the main renal vein or its major tributaries in cases where it is caused by external compression or instrumentation.
After therapy, the prognosis is beneficial. However, the underlying cause of RVT determines its morbidity and mortality. For instance, complications from the cancer itself or thromboembolism at other sites, like PE or DVT, may occur in cases of RVT secondary to malignancy. According to a retrospective cohort study, the prognosis of RVT caused by nephrotic syndrome revealed a 40% mortality at six months in 27 patients with RVT. Nephrotic syndrome resolution and stable renal function were observed in the survivors. After a renal transplant, RVT typically leads to graft failure and has a poor prognosis, especially in the first month following the procedure.
Age group
Although it can happen to anyone of any age, adults are more likely to experience renal vein thrombosis (RVT), especially those in their 30s to 60s. Though less commonly, it can also happen in pediatric populations.
Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) can present with a variety of physical examination findings, and the degree of symptoms
may vary.
Flank Tenderness: When the afflicted kidney region is palpated, the patient may feel pain or tenderness. RVT frequently manifests as flank pain, which may be a significant clinical indicator.
Nephromegaly: During a physical examination, swelling or enlargement of the affected kidney may be found. This may be the consequence of blood flow restriction and subsequent kidney congestion.
Blood Pressure Measurement: Hypertension (high blood pressure) can be associated with RVT, particularly if the thrombosis leads to decreased renal perfusion. Measurements of blood pressure in both arms should be made to look for any notable variations.
Signs of Fluid Retention: Peripheral edema, or swelling in the legs and ankles, is one indicator that there may be fluid retention. If renal function is impaired and fluid regulation is impacted, this can happen.
Examination of the abdomen: Studying the abdomen can reveal additional information, such as masses or discomfort, which may be linked to the underlying causes of RVT.
Systemic Signs: The patient may show systemic signs of infection (such as fever), signs of hypercoagulable states, or symptoms of concomitant conditions, depending on the underlying cause of RVT.
Nephrotic syndrome: RVT is often associated with nephrotic syndrome, especially in adults. It is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria (proteinuria), low proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation (edema). Conditions of excessive coagulation: Conditions that increase the risk of coagulation, such as inherited thrombophilia (e.g. factor V Leiden mutation, protein C or S deficiency). in), antiphospholipid syndrome, or malignancy, may predispose to RVT Dehydration: Dehydration conditions or decreased tissue volume may increase the risk of RVT which is especially in individuals with predisposing factors such as nephrotic syndrome or certain medications they drink in it Postoperative or stroke: RVT can occur after surgery involving the kidney or adjacent structures or after severe trauma.
Side pain: Sudden onset or gradual progression of side pain and usually in the affected kidney which is one of the hallmarks of RVT.
Blood loss: Blood in the urine ranges from microscopic urine to pale yellow urine.
Diarrhea: Especially under or around the eyes. Diarrhea can result from kidney dysfunction and dehydration
Imaging of renal cell carcinoma
Pulmonary embolism
Anticoagulation Therapy: Anticoagulants are given to prevent the clotting and spreading. With immediate anticoagulation where heparin may be used first which is followed by oral anticoagulants such as warfarin or platelet inhibitors direct (DOACs) have been used. Anticoagulation therapy duration is determined by variables like the underlying cause and recurrence risk.
Thrombolysis: It could be an option when there is a significant blood clot and severe symptoms present. This treatment involves using medications to dissolve the clot. This approach is saved for cases with a heightened chance of complications.
Management of Hypertension: To control hypertension and reduce the risk of future complications and appropriate antihypertensive medications should be prescribed if hypertension or hypertension occurs
Management of pain: The flank pain brought on by RVT may be treated with analgesic drugs.
Nutrition
Nutritious Diet: Eat fewer highly salted, high-cholesterol and saturated or trans fats. While variety is wise, excess can lead down an unhealthy path.
Stay Hydrated: For blood viscosity within normal parameters one must consume sufficient H2O.
Nephrology
Benzapril: It stops the production of the strong vasoconstrictor angiotensin II from angiotensin I. The medicinal drug lowers glomerular hydraulic stress inside the kidney by which lowers protein filtration.
Enalapril: The medicine works through blockading the producing of a powerful vasoconstrictor referred to as angiotensin II from angiotensin I. This leads to a lower in aldosterone secretion and an boom in plasma renin ranges. As a cease result, the drug enables to decrease the glomerular hydraulic strain in the kidney by decreasing protein filtration.
Nephrology
Candesartan: It results in reduced vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema where no impact on the bradykinin response and improved renin-angiotensin system inhibition as compared to ACEIs.
Losartan: losartan inhibits the angiotensin II vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. It may result in the decreased vulnerability to inflammation and angioedema.
Nephrology
These substances inhibit clotting and prevent clotting.
Heparin: Unfractionated drugs administered IV (therapeutic dose) or SC (prophylactic dose) bind to many proteins with antithrombin which activates thrombin, which induces clotting, and this eventually stops coagulation, producing bleeding contraction and prolonged coagulation time.
Warfarin: Warfarin dosing varies and is differentially influenced by several patient characteristics which includes genetic and coexisting medical conditions along with drugs and communications.
Enoxaparin: To inhibit the coagulation cascade, it binds antithrombin III and indirectly upregulates it.
Nephrology
When direct thrombus removal or blood flow restoration is required, surgical interventions for renal vein thrombosis (RVT) are taken into consideration. The following surgical procedures for R\VT are possible:
Thrombectomy: Using open procedure or minimally invasive techniques the thrombectomy is a surgical operation that includes removing a clot of blood from the renal vein. It is frequently carried out if there is a critical need for clot removal owing to a substantial or symptomatic clot load.
Angioplasty and Stenting: When treating chronic RVT where this method is more frequently used.
Procedure: To widen the vein’s narrowed section a balloon is inflated during angioplasty. A stent may be inserted in certain situations to help keep the vein open and sustain blood flow.
Bypass Procedures: In rare cases if there is a major venous block and blood flow has to be rerouted around the stopped location which is a bypass procedure may be an option.
Procedure: A bypass graft is made by the surgeon to divert the blocked section of a renal vein and establish a new blood flow channel.
Nephrology
Depending on the particulars of the patient where the severity of the thrombosisand the level of symptoms the approach may change. Doppler ultrasounds are examples of diagnostic imaging procedures that are utilized to confirm the diagnosis during the acute phase. The diagnosis is made and fast action is taken. It is common practice to initiate immediate anticoagulation to manage symptoms and stop new clot development. It is important to analyze the underlying reasons.
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Digital Certificate PDF
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
