Trigonitis is caused by non-keratinizing squamous metaplasia in the vesical trigone and is related with irritative infections and primarily affects younger women. 

The symptoms include irritative voiding and some may remain asymptomatic. 

They has triangular tissue near urethral opening. It may result from inflammatory or cellular changes and especially hormonal imbalances. 

Trigonitis develops in fertile women due to nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia in bladder, neck, and trigone. It commonly seen in 50 to 70% premenopausal women.  

But autopsy studies show 7% of men have squamous metaplasia while 46% of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. 

Trigonitis is a bladder metaplastic process which causes unknown and often irritants like catheters or infections. Trigonitis initiates the squamous metaplasia. 

In women, Squamous Metaplasia causes due to prolonged use of catheter, regular urinary tract infection, and hormonal imbalances. The exact cause is still unknown, but it responds to irritative and infectious processes. 

Trigonitis has excellent prognosis for nonkeratinizing squamous metaplasia in bladder. The benign condition has no malignant potential thus it distinguishes from premalignant keratinizing squamous metaplasia. 

Patients with trigonitis complaints of persistent burning pain or discomfort deep to the symphysis pubis during urination.  

The symptoms of trigonitis include urgent urination, pelvic pain, difficulty in urine passing, and blood in the urine. 

Genitourinary examination 

There is limited study data available on presentation of trigonitis. 

In identification and diagnosis phase, the confirmation of trigonitis diagnosis by directly observing the trigone and identifying characteristic tissue patterns.  

Patients should report the discomfort and pain linked to trigonitis through prescribed medications if occurs.  

Follow-Up and monitoring is necessary to examine the effectiveness of the given treatment. 

Urology

Take proper fluid intake to support bladder function. 

Patients need to avoid spicy foods and artificial sweeteners which acts as irritant to bladder.   

Follow all good bladder habits as well as take regular bathroom breaks to avoid prolonged urine retention. 

Urology

Cefixime is an antibiotic drug of cephalosporin class.  

It prevent bacterial development and helps to enhance the immune system of the body. 

Urology

Prazosin as alpha blocker works by relaxing the muscles in the urinary bladder and improving bladder function. 

Urology

Imipramine has antidepressant and analgesic properties and it control bladder pain associated with trigonitis and provides relief to individuals. 

Urology

Surgical intervention is not an initial approach in treatment. Because non-surgical methods are sufficient as per physician advice.  

Urology

Identification and Diagnosis phase cystoscopy is used for confirming the diagnosis. 

Implementation of lifestyle modifications with proper hydration and avoidance of irritants.  

Conduct regular follow-up meetings to monitor symptoms and to evaluate the effectiveness of the given treatment.