Background

The vaccinations recommended for regular immunizations in children from birth to 6 years old are listed below. These vaccines are administrated by intramuscular injection. In newborns, infants, and young children, intramuscular injection is preferably administered into the anterolateral thigh muscle. Children whose age is 4 to 6 years old and have normal weight, intramuscular injection is administrated into deltoid muscle. 

Hepatitis B vaccines (HepB) 

Minimum age of vaccine administration: Borth 

Dosage: 3 doses 

1st dose of monovalent hepatitis B before the discharge from hospital, 2nd dose is a monovalent vaccine or combination of vaccines at the age of 1 months to 2 months old, 3rd dose is on the age of 6 to 18 months old 

If mother is positive for HBsAg, then HBIG – hepatitis B immunoglobulin of 0.5 mL is administered in the 12 hours of the birth. If HBsAg is not confirmed, then also HBIG is administrated if weight of newborns is below 2 kg in 12 hours of the birth. If mother is positive for HBsAg and weight of infants is ≥2 kg, then HBIG is administrated as early as possible but not gives after the age of seven days. 

Rotavirus vaccines (RV) 

Minimum age of vaccine administration: 6 weeks 

Dosage: 2 – 3 doses, which are administrated orally 

Administer Rotarix in 2 doses when infants are 2 months and 4 months old  

Administer RotaTeq in 3 doses when infants are 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months old 

RV vaccine is given in 3 doses if RotaTeq or product of vaccine is not clear in any dosage. 

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis vaccines 

Minimum age of DTaP vaccine administration: 6 weeks 

Dosage: It is given when infants are 2, 4 months, 6, and 12 months to 15 months old 

At the age of 4 to 6 years, the last dose is given. 

If the 4th dose is given at the age of 4 months old or after the 3rd dose at a proper age, then it is valid and it should not be repeated after the 6 months interval in the doses of 3rd and 4th. 

Haemophilus influenza type B vaccines 

Minimum age of Hib vaccine administration: 6 weeks 

Dosage: 2 doses or 3 doses in a primary series and one booster dose at the age of 12 to 15 months. Booster dose depends on the primary series dose. 

Hib vaccine is given at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months of age.  

PCV15 pneumococcal vaccines 15-valent, PCV13 Pneumococcal vaccines 13-valent, PCV20 pneumococcal vaccines 20-valent 

This vaccine is administrated at the ages of 2, 4 months, 6, and 12 months to 15 months old. 

PPSV23 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is administered when infants are at high risk of pneumococcal disease after the administration of PCV15 pr PCV13 in the age of 2 years or below. 

Children who have immunocompromising disease or anatomic or functional asplenia must get the 2nd dose of PPSV23 at the age of 5 years after the 1st dose.  

Inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) 

Minimum age of IPV vaccine administration: 6 weeks 

Dosage: 4 dosages which are administrated intramuscularly (IM or SC in the deltoid in children) 

It is administrated at the ages of 2, 4 months, 6 months to 18 months, and 4 years to 6 years 

COVID-19 vaccines 

Minimum age of COVID-19 vaccine administration: 6 months 

Dosage: It depends on the history of immunization of COVID-19 and age 

Influenza vaccines 

Minimum age of influenza vaccine administration: 6 months 

Children whose age is 6 months to 8 years old should get the 1st dose of influenza vaccine and, after 4 weeks, 2nd dose.  

Influenza virus vaccines quadrivalent, intranasal is given at the age of 2 to 4 years old. 

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines 

Minimum age of Priorix and M-M-R II vaccines administration: 12 months 

It is administrated by SC into the outer part of arm 

Dosage: 2 doses at the age of 12 months to 15 months and 4 years to 6 years old 

Varicella virus vaccines 

Minimum age of varicella virus vaccine administration: 12 months 

It is administered by SC into the anterolateral thigh or outer part of upper arm  

Dosage: 2 doses at the age of 12 months to 15 months and 4 years to 6 years 

Hepatitis A vaccines 

Minimum age of HepA vaccine administration: 12 months 

Dosage: 1st dose at the age of 12 to 23 months, 2nd dose after 6 to 18 months  

In 2015, Help Eliminate Pain has developed some clinical guidelines for kids: 

During the administration of vaccine in IM, no aspiration is used in all ages of children. 

During the vaccination process, administer most painful vaccines in the last. 

During the administration of vaccines in infants whose age is below 2 years, breastfeeding is necessary during the process. 

During the vaccine administration in, children whose age is above 3 years must be held or sit upright instead of lying supine. 

In children whose age is 12 years and above, topical anesthesia is applied before the vaccination. 

Before the administration of vaccine in, children whose age is 2 years old or above should be given sucrose solution. 

Before and on the day of vaccinations, give proper information of management of pain to parents. 

Before and on the day of vaccinations, give proper information of management of pain to children whose age is above 3 years. 

During the administration of vaccines in children whose age is 10 years or below, parents must be present at the site. 

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

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Genetics

Prognostic Factors

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Physical Examination

Age group

Associated comorbidity

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References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927017/ 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4108897/