Streptococcus sobrinus is a bacterium species related to Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries, also known as tooth decay, in humans. S. sobrinus, like many other human diseases, confronts growth and survival issues outside of the animal host, making it highly dependent on the oral cavity environment for colonization & proliferation.
In the oral biofilm, S. sobrinus and S. mutans often engage in a symbiotic relationship, contributing to the development of dental plaque. This plaque, consisting of a mass of bacterial colonies, includes Mutans streptococci (MS), mainly comprised of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The prevalence of MS infection increases with age, ranging from approximately 30% in 3-month-old children without teeth to over 80% in 24-month-old children with primary teeth.
Bacterial virulence, host-related features, and environmental factors all impact MS colonization. Notably, high sugar consumption in children has been linked to increased bacterial growth & adherence to tooth surfaces, which can aim to form dental caries if not well treated.
The global prevalence of S. sobrinus in the oral cavity is estimated to be around 17.3%, with significant regional variations. The highest prevalence rates are found in Asia (25.9%), followed by Africa (20.6%), Europe (16.4%), Oceania (15.9%), and the Americas (10.4%). Additionally, various factors such as age, diet, oral hygiene, socioeconomic status, and genetic susceptibility can influence the prevalence of S. sobrinus in different populations.
Studies have suggested that S. sobrinus may exhibit higher virulence than S. mutans, leading to a more rapid and severe progression of dental caries, particularly in young children. However, measuring the incidence of dental caries caused explicitly by S. sobrinus can be challenging due to varying detection methods, sampling strategies, and diagnostic criteria.
While most S. sobrinus infections are caused by dental caries, there have been a few reports of systemic infections caused by these bacteria. Endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis, & septic arthritis are examples of such illnesses. Such systemic infections are more common in immunocompromised people or those with underlying heart or dental problems.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus:Streptococcus
Species:Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sobrinus is a lactic acid bacteria group gram-positive bacterium.
sobrinus is non-motile, non-spore-forming, and catalase-negative. It is facultatively anaerobic, thriving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
It has a spherical or ovoid shape with a typical diameter of 0.7 to 0.9 µm. It forms pairs or chains of different lengths when grown in liquid media.
The cell wall of S. sobrinus is made up of ether linkages that connect N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) with N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Gram-positive bacteria have this cell wall construction as a distinguishing trait.
There needs to be more information about specific strains & antigenic types of S. sobrinus. Some strains, however, have been found & characterized, including S. sobrinus 6715, S. sobrinus JBP, S. sobrinus SL1, & S. sobrinus OMZ176. These strains were isolated from human dental plaque and exhibit similar genomic features, including a genome size of 2.1 Mb & an equivalent number of protein-coding genes.
Multiple proteins from S. sobrinus supernatants have been discovered as binding to Sephidex G-75, with elution patterns indicating proteins with molecular weights ranging from 16, 45, 58 to 90, 60, 135, & 145 kDa. These data suggest multiple glucan-binding proteins are present in wild-type S. sobrinus strains.
sobrinus strains can be divided into several serotypes based on their antigenic characteristics. For example, S. sobrinus 6715 & S. sobrinus OMZ176 are serotype g, whereas S. sobrinus JBP & S. sobrinus SL1 are serotype d. Serotyping distinguishes strains based on unique surface antigens, which aids in the knowledge of strain differences & potential virulence factors.
sobrinus strains have glucan-binding proteins (GBP-2, GBP-3, & GBP-5) that play an important role in the bacterium’s adhesion and deposition on tooth enamel surfaces. These proteins help S. sobrinus stick to the teeth and participate in the creation of dental plaque, which is an important element in the development of dental caries.
Streptococcus sobrinus, a cariogenic bacterium, adheres to the tooth enamel surface via fimbriae & glucan binding proteins (GBPs). GBPs are specialized proteins that can bind to glucans, polysaccharides produced by glucosyltransferase enzymes from sucrose. S. sobrinus may synthesize extracellular glucans from sucrose, allowing it to accumulate on tooth enamel and create biofilms. Notably, Streptococcus sobrinus frequently coexists alongside Streptococcus mutans, another cariogenic bacterium, & their reciprocal presence increases adhesion & pathogenicity.
sobrinus produces lactic acid as a byproduct of fermentation by metabolizing food carbohydrates like glucose or sucrose. Lactic acid generation lowers the pH of the oral environment, inducing demineralization of the tooth enamel, which renders it more prone to erosion & cavities. S. sobrinus is more resistant to acidic circumstances than other oral bacteria, allowing it to produce acid even at low pH levels. S. sobrinus maintains intracellular pH along membrane integrity in the presence of acid by various processes, including proton pumps, membrane fatty acid changes, and stress proteins. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses extracellular glucans as an energy source or a defensive mechanism under acidic conditions.
sobrinus has found strategies for evading or modulating the host immunological response. S. sobrinus can use antigenic variation to change its surface antigens or epitopes, avoiding identification by antibodies or immune cells. S. sobrinus‘ capacity to build biofilms allows it to establish complex bacterial communities that are protected by an extracellular matrix, making it resistant to immunological attacks and antimicrobial drugs. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses immunosuppressive methods like producing toxins, enzymes, or cytokines that impair or harm immune cells or interfere with immunological communication.
The human body has numerous defense mechanisms to protect itself from Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. The epidermis, mucous membranes, and the adaptive immune system, which includes antibodies & T cells, are principally responsible for these defense systems. Furthermore, host genetic variables can alter susceptibility or resistance to S. sobrinus infection.
The skin and mucous membranes are physical barriers to prevent S. sobrinus from entering the body. These barriers release various antimicrobial chemicals, including enzymes, antibodies, and iron-binding proteins. Such secretions include saliva, tears, and mucus. They can destroy or prevent the growth of S. sobrinus and other infections, thereby aiding in maintaining the body’s health.
The adaptive immune response is critical in tackling specific pathogens like S. sobrinus. This sort of immunity requires prior exposure to the pathogen to create a customized response. Antibodies like IgG and IgA play an essential part in this process. They can bind to S. sobrinus, preventing it from adhering to tooth surfaces, neutralizing its poisons, or identifying it for destruction by other immune cells.
T cells are another important part of the adaptive immune response. Helper T cells can generate cytokines, signaling molecules that activate and coordinate other immune cells, increasing the body’s fight against S. sobrinus. Cytotoxic T cells, on the other hand, can directly kill S. sobrinus-infected cells, restricting the bacteria’s spread.
Host genetic characteristics also help to protect against S. sobrinus infection. Variations in the host’s genes, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms, can affect how well the host identifies and responds to S. sobrinus. TLRs are essential proteins in identifying bacterial components and initiating immune responses. Specific TLR polymorphisms may impair an individual’s ability to resist S. sobrinus and other diseases effectively.
Dental caries (decaying of a tooth) is the most common clinical symptom of Streptococcus sobrinus infection. When exposed to sugar, the bacterium attaches to the tooth enamel & generates acid, causing enamel erosion and cavity formation. It can cause a variety of dental-related symptoms & consequences.
Tooth sensitivity is a typical clinical indication of S. sobrinus infection, in which individuals suffer discomfort or pain while ingesting hot or cold foods and beverages. The damaged teeth may become temperature sensitive, causing discomfort while eating or drinking. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental caries can cause tooth discoloration, giving damaged teeth a yellowish or brownish look. Halitosis, or Bad breath, can be a clinical indication of bacteria breaking down food particles & releasing foul-smelling gases.
Dental caries induced by S. sobrinus can advance and lead to more severe clinical symptoms if left untreated. Toothache is a frequent symptom when decay reaches the inner layers of the tooth, which include nerves. Abscesses, localized infections with pus, can form when the infection extends to the tooth’s root. Untreated dental caries further led to tooth loss in rare circumstances. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental infections can spread beyond the oral cavity & cause systemic issues if the bacteria enter the circulation.
Aside from the outward symptoms, S. sobrinus dental caries can substantially impact an individual’s quality of life. It can impair their ability to eat, communicate, and maintain good dental health. Dental caries can induce shame, resulting in a drop in self-esteem and social relationships, mainly if the afflicted teeth are visible when smiling or speaking.
Culture method: A sample is taken from the patient and streaked onto Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB) or Modified Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB). After incubation, S. sobrinus colonies can be characterized by their distinctive appearance, which includes small, smooth, round, and pinpoint-shaped colonies. Microscopy can be used to confirm the identity further. Gram staining of the bacterial colonies reveals the Gram-positive morphology of S. sobrinus, characterized by purple-stained spherical cells in chains or pairs.
The rapid antigen test: It is an easy & quick way to determine the presence of S. sobrinus antigens in a sample, typically collected via a throat swab. If the antigens are present, the test uses a gadget that displays a color change or a line. While this test delivers immediate answers, other diagnostic approaches may be more accurate and sensitive. It is widely used to diagnose strep throat caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), a close relative of S. sobrinus.
The molecular test: A compassionate approach for detecting S. sobrinus DNA in various materials, including throat swabs, blood, and spinal fluid. It entails utilizing primers and enzymes to amplify a specific section of the Streptococcus genome and then identifying the amplified product using gel electrophoresis or fluorescence techniques. The molecular test is more sensitive and faster than culture or rapid antigen testing, making it a useful diagnostic tool.
Reducing the intake of sugar and other fermentable carbohydrates can help limit the fuel available for the growth and acid production of Streptococcus sobrinus. Limiting the consumption of sugary foods & beverages and opting for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, milk, and cheese can help maintain a healthier oral environment.
Regular and proper oral hygiene practices like brushing teeth at least twice daily, flossing, rinsing with mouthwash, and using fluoride products, help remove plaque and food debris that can harbor Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent the buildup of harmful bacteria, reducing the risk of dental caries and gum inflammation.
Antibacterial agents can be used to treat existing infections caused by Streptococcus sobrinus or to prevent new infections. These agents may include topical or systemic antibiotics, chlorhexidine mouthwash, xylitol products, fluoride treatments, essential oils, herbs, spices, or plant extracts. However, their use should be reasonable and under professional guidance to avoid potential side effects and bacterial resistance.
Vaccines targeting Streptococcus sobrinus show promise in preventing infections, though they are still under development. Vaccines can induce the production of specific antibodies that neutralize or destroy germs, giving long-term protection against dental caries and other disorders.
Streptococcus sobrinus is a bacterium species related to Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries, also known as tooth decay, in humans. S. sobrinus, like many other human diseases, confronts growth and survival issues outside of the animal host, making it highly dependent on the oral cavity environment for colonization & proliferation.
In the oral biofilm, S. sobrinus and S. mutans often engage in a symbiotic relationship, contributing to the development of dental plaque. This plaque, consisting of a mass of bacterial colonies, includes Mutans streptococci (MS), mainly comprised of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The prevalence of MS infection increases with age, ranging from approximately 30% in 3-month-old children without teeth to over 80% in 24-month-old children with primary teeth.
Bacterial virulence, host-related features, and environmental factors all impact MS colonization. Notably, high sugar consumption in children has been linked to increased bacterial growth & adherence to tooth surfaces, which can aim to form dental caries if not well treated.
The global prevalence of S. sobrinus in the oral cavity is estimated to be around 17.3%, with significant regional variations. The highest prevalence rates are found in Asia (25.9%), followed by Africa (20.6%), Europe (16.4%), Oceania (15.9%), and the Americas (10.4%). Additionally, various factors such as age, diet, oral hygiene, socioeconomic status, and genetic susceptibility can influence the prevalence of S. sobrinus in different populations.
Studies have suggested that S. sobrinus may exhibit higher virulence than S. mutans, leading to a more rapid and severe progression of dental caries, particularly in young children. However, measuring the incidence of dental caries caused explicitly by S. sobrinus can be challenging due to varying detection methods, sampling strategies, and diagnostic criteria.
While most S. sobrinus infections are caused by dental caries, there have been a few reports of systemic infections caused by these bacteria. Endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis, & septic arthritis are examples of such illnesses. Such systemic infections are more common in immunocompromised people or those with underlying heart or dental problems.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus:Streptococcus
Species:Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sobrinus is a lactic acid bacteria group gram-positive bacterium.
sobrinus is non-motile, non-spore-forming, and catalase-negative. It is facultatively anaerobic, thriving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
It has a spherical or ovoid shape with a typical diameter of 0.7 to 0.9 µm. It forms pairs or chains of different lengths when grown in liquid media.
The cell wall of S. sobrinus is made up of ether linkages that connect N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) with N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Gram-positive bacteria have this cell wall construction as a distinguishing trait.
There needs to be more information about specific strains & antigenic types of S. sobrinus. Some strains, however, have been found & characterized, including S. sobrinus 6715, S. sobrinus JBP, S. sobrinus SL1, & S. sobrinus OMZ176. These strains were isolated from human dental plaque and exhibit similar genomic features, including a genome size of 2.1 Mb & an equivalent number of protein-coding genes.
Multiple proteins from S. sobrinus supernatants have been discovered as binding to Sephidex G-75, with elution patterns indicating proteins with molecular weights ranging from 16, 45, 58 to 90, 60, 135, & 145 kDa. These data suggest multiple glucan-binding proteins are present in wild-type S. sobrinus strains.
sobrinus strains can be divided into several serotypes based on their antigenic characteristics. For example, S. sobrinus 6715 & S. sobrinus OMZ176 are serotype g, whereas S. sobrinus JBP & S. sobrinus SL1 are serotype d. Serotyping distinguishes strains based on unique surface antigens, which aids in the knowledge of strain differences & potential virulence factors.
sobrinus strains have glucan-binding proteins (GBP-2, GBP-3, & GBP-5) that play an important role in the bacterium’s adhesion and deposition on tooth enamel surfaces. These proteins help S. sobrinus stick to the teeth and participate in the creation of dental plaque, which is an important element in the development of dental caries.
Streptococcus sobrinus, a cariogenic bacterium, adheres to the tooth enamel surface via fimbriae & glucan binding proteins (GBPs). GBPs are specialized proteins that can bind to glucans, polysaccharides produced by glucosyltransferase enzymes from sucrose. S. sobrinus may synthesize extracellular glucans from sucrose, allowing it to accumulate on tooth enamel and create biofilms. Notably, Streptococcus sobrinus frequently coexists alongside Streptococcus mutans, another cariogenic bacterium, & their reciprocal presence increases adhesion & pathogenicity.
sobrinus produces lactic acid as a byproduct of fermentation by metabolizing food carbohydrates like glucose or sucrose. Lactic acid generation lowers the pH of the oral environment, inducing demineralization of the tooth enamel, which renders it more prone to erosion & cavities. S. sobrinus is more resistant to acidic circumstances than other oral bacteria, allowing it to produce acid even at low pH levels. S. sobrinus maintains intracellular pH along membrane integrity in the presence of acid by various processes, including proton pumps, membrane fatty acid changes, and stress proteins. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses extracellular glucans as an energy source or a defensive mechanism under acidic conditions.
sobrinus has found strategies for evading or modulating the host immunological response. S. sobrinus can use antigenic variation to change its surface antigens or epitopes, avoiding identification by antibodies or immune cells. S. sobrinus‘ capacity to build biofilms allows it to establish complex bacterial communities that are protected by an extracellular matrix, making it resistant to immunological attacks and antimicrobial drugs. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses immunosuppressive methods like producing toxins, enzymes, or cytokines that impair or harm immune cells or interfere with immunological communication.
The human body has numerous defense mechanisms to protect itself from Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. The epidermis, mucous membranes, and the adaptive immune system, which includes antibodies & T cells, are principally responsible for these defense systems. Furthermore, host genetic variables can alter susceptibility or resistance to S. sobrinus infection.
The skin and mucous membranes are physical barriers to prevent S. sobrinus from entering the body. These barriers release various antimicrobial chemicals, including enzymes, antibodies, and iron-binding proteins. Such secretions include saliva, tears, and mucus. They can destroy or prevent the growth of S. sobrinus and other infections, thereby aiding in maintaining the body’s health.
The adaptive immune response is critical in tackling specific pathogens like S. sobrinus. This sort of immunity requires prior exposure to the pathogen to create a customized response. Antibodies like IgG and IgA play an essential part in this process. They can bind to S. sobrinus, preventing it from adhering to tooth surfaces, neutralizing its poisons, or identifying it for destruction by other immune cells.
T cells are another important part of the adaptive immune response. Helper T cells can generate cytokines, signaling molecules that activate and coordinate other immune cells, increasing the body’s fight against S. sobrinus. Cytotoxic T cells, on the other hand, can directly kill S. sobrinus-infected cells, restricting the bacteria’s spread.
Host genetic characteristics also help to protect against S. sobrinus infection. Variations in the host’s genes, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms, can affect how well the host identifies and responds to S. sobrinus. TLRs are essential proteins in identifying bacterial components and initiating immune responses. Specific TLR polymorphisms may impair an individual’s ability to resist S. sobrinus and other diseases effectively.
Dental caries (decaying of a tooth) is the most common clinical symptom of Streptococcus sobrinus infection. When exposed to sugar, the bacterium attaches to the tooth enamel & generates acid, causing enamel erosion and cavity formation. It can cause a variety of dental-related symptoms & consequences.
Tooth sensitivity is a typical clinical indication of S. sobrinus infection, in which individuals suffer discomfort or pain while ingesting hot or cold foods and beverages. The damaged teeth may become temperature sensitive, causing discomfort while eating or drinking. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental caries can cause tooth discoloration, giving damaged teeth a yellowish or brownish look. Halitosis, or Bad breath, can be a clinical indication of bacteria breaking down food particles & releasing foul-smelling gases.
Dental caries induced by S. sobrinus can advance and lead to more severe clinical symptoms if left untreated. Toothache is a frequent symptom when decay reaches the inner layers of the tooth, which include nerves. Abscesses, localized infections with pus, can form when the infection extends to the tooth’s root. Untreated dental caries further led to tooth loss in rare circumstances. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental infections can spread beyond the oral cavity & cause systemic issues if the bacteria enter the circulation.
Aside from the outward symptoms, S. sobrinus dental caries can substantially impact an individual’s quality of life. It can impair their ability to eat, communicate, and maintain good dental health. Dental caries can induce shame, resulting in a drop in self-esteem and social relationships, mainly if the afflicted teeth are visible when smiling or speaking.
Culture method: A sample is taken from the patient and streaked onto Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB) or Modified Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB). After incubation, S. sobrinus colonies can be characterized by their distinctive appearance, which includes small, smooth, round, and pinpoint-shaped colonies. Microscopy can be used to confirm the identity further. Gram staining of the bacterial colonies reveals the Gram-positive morphology of S. sobrinus, characterized by purple-stained spherical cells in chains or pairs.
The rapid antigen test: It is an easy & quick way to determine the presence of S. sobrinus antigens in a sample, typically collected via a throat swab. If the antigens are present, the test uses a gadget that displays a color change or a line. While this test delivers immediate answers, other diagnostic approaches may be more accurate and sensitive. It is widely used to diagnose strep throat caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), a close relative of S. sobrinus.
The molecular test: A compassionate approach for detecting S. sobrinus DNA in various materials, including throat swabs, blood, and spinal fluid. It entails utilizing primers and enzymes to amplify a specific section of the Streptococcus genome and then identifying the amplified product using gel electrophoresis or fluorescence techniques. The molecular test is more sensitive and faster than culture or rapid antigen testing, making it a useful diagnostic tool.
Reducing the intake of sugar and other fermentable carbohydrates can help limit the fuel available for the growth and acid production of Streptococcus sobrinus. Limiting the consumption of sugary foods & beverages and opting for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, milk, and cheese can help maintain a healthier oral environment.
Regular and proper oral hygiene practices like brushing teeth at least twice daily, flossing, rinsing with mouthwash, and using fluoride products, help remove plaque and food debris that can harbor Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent the buildup of harmful bacteria, reducing the risk of dental caries and gum inflammation.
Antibacterial agents can be used to treat existing infections caused by Streptococcus sobrinus or to prevent new infections. These agents may include topical or systemic antibiotics, chlorhexidine mouthwash, xylitol products, fluoride treatments, essential oils, herbs, spices, or plant extracts. However, their use should be reasonable and under professional guidance to avoid potential side effects and bacterial resistance.
Vaccines targeting Streptococcus sobrinus show promise in preventing infections, though they are still under development. Vaccines can induce the production of specific antibodies that neutralize or destroy germs, giving long-term protection against dental caries and other disorders.
Streptococcus sobrinus is a bacterium species related to Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries, also known as tooth decay, in humans. S. sobrinus, like many other human diseases, confronts growth and survival issues outside of the animal host, making it highly dependent on the oral cavity environment for colonization & proliferation.
In the oral biofilm, S. sobrinus and S. mutans often engage in a symbiotic relationship, contributing to the development of dental plaque. This plaque, consisting of a mass of bacterial colonies, includes Mutans streptococci (MS), mainly comprised of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The prevalence of MS infection increases with age, ranging from approximately 30% in 3-month-old children without teeth to over 80% in 24-month-old children with primary teeth.
Bacterial virulence, host-related features, and environmental factors all impact MS colonization. Notably, high sugar consumption in children has been linked to increased bacterial growth & adherence to tooth surfaces, which can aim to form dental caries if not well treated.
The global prevalence of S. sobrinus in the oral cavity is estimated to be around 17.3%, with significant regional variations. The highest prevalence rates are found in Asia (25.9%), followed by Africa (20.6%), Europe (16.4%), Oceania (15.9%), and the Americas (10.4%). Additionally, various factors such as age, diet, oral hygiene, socioeconomic status, and genetic susceptibility can influence the prevalence of S. sobrinus in different populations.
Studies have suggested that S. sobrinus may exhibit higher virulence than S. mutans, leading to a more rapid and severe progression of dental caries, particularly in young children. However, measuring the incidence of dental caries caused explicitly by S. sobrinus can be challenging due to varying detection methods, sampling strategies, and diagnostic criteria.
While most S. sobrinus infections are caused by dental caries, there have been a few reports of systemic infections caused by these bacteria. Endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis, & septic arthritis are examples of such illnesses. Such systemic infections are more common in immunocompromised people or those with underlying heart or dental problems.
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus:Streptococcus
Species:Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sobrinus is a lactic acid bacteria group gram-positive bacterium.
sobrinus is non-motile, non-spore-forming, and catalase-negative. It is facultatively anaerobic, thriving in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.
It has a spherical or ovoid shape with a typical diameter of 0.7 to 0.9 µm. It forms pairs or chains of different lengths when grown in liquid media.
The cell wall of S. sobrinus is made up of ether linkages that connect N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) with N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Gram-positive bacteria have this cell wall construction as a distinguishing trait.
There needs to be more information about specific strains & antigenic types of S. sobrinus. Some strains, however, have been found & characterized, including S. sobrinus 6715, S. sobrinus JBP, S. sobrinus SL1, & S. sobrinus OMZ176. These strains were isolated from human dental plaque and exhibit similar genomic features, including a genome size of 2.1 Mb & an equivalent number of protein-coding genes.
Multiple proteins from S. sobrinus supernatants have been discovered as binding to Sephidex G-75, with elution patterns indicating proteins with molecular weights ranging from 16, 45, 58 to 90, 60, 135, & 145 kDa. These data suggest multiple glucan-binding proteins are present in wild-type S. sobrinus strains.
sobrinus strains can be divided into several serotypes based on their antigenic characteristics. For example, S. sobrinus 6715 & S. sobrinus OMZ176 are serotype g, whereas S. sobrinus JBP & S. sobrinus SL1 are serotype d. Serotyping distinguishes strains based on unique surface antigens, which aids in the knowledge of strain differences & potential virulence factors.
sobrinus strains have glucan-binding proteins (GBP-2, GBP-3, & GBP-5) that play an important role in the bacterium’s adhesion and deposition on tooth enamel surfaces. These proteins help S. sobrinus stick to the teeth and participate in the creation of dental plaque, which is an important element in the development of dental caries.
Streptococcus sobrinus, a cariogenic bacterium, adheres to the tooth enamel surface via fimbriae & glucan binding proteins (GBPs). GBPs are specialized proteins that can bind to glucans, polysaccharides produced by glucosyltransferase enzymes from sucrose. S. sobrinus may synthesize extracellular glucans from sucrose, allowing it to accumulate on tooth enamel and create biofilms. Notably, Streptococcus sobrinus frequently coexists alongside Streptococcus mutans, another cariogenic bacterium, & their reciprocal presence increases adhesion & pathogenicity.
sobrinus produces lactic acid as a byproduct of fermentation by metabolizing food carbohydrates like glucose or sucrose. Lactic acid generation lowers the pH of the oral environment, inducing demineralization of the tooth enamel, which renders it more prone to erosion & cavities. S. sobrinus is more resistant to acidic circumstances than other oral bacteria, allowing it to produce acid even at low pH levels. S. sobrinus maintains intracellular pH along membrane integrity in the presence of acid by various processes, including proton pumps, membrane fatty acid changes, and stress proteins. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses extracellular glucans as an energy source or a defensive mechanism under acidic conditions.
sobrinus has found strategies for evading or modulating the host immunological response. S. sobrinus can use antigenic variation to change its surface antigens or epitopes, avoiding identification by antibodies or immune cells. S. sobrinus‘ capacity to build biofilms allows it to establish complex bacterial communities that are protected by an extracellular matrix, making it resistant to immunological attacks and antimicrobial drugs. Furthermore, S. sobrinus uses immunosuppressive methods like producing toxins, enzymes, or cytokines that impair or harm immune cells or interfere with immunological communication.
The human body has numerous defense mechanisms to protect itself from Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. The epidermis, mucous membranes, and the adaptive immune system, which includes antibodies & T cells, are principally responsible for these defense systems. Furthermore, host genetic variables can alter susceptibility or resistance to S. sobrinus infection.
The skin and mucous membranes are physical barriers to prevent S. sobrinus from entering the body. These barriers release various antimicrobial chemicals, including enzymes, antibodies, and iron-binding proteins. Such secretions include saliva, tears, and mucus. They can destroy or prevent the growth of S. sobrinus and other infections, thereby aiding in maintaining the body’s health.
The adaptive immune response is critical in tackling specific pathogens like S. sobrinus. This sort of immunity requires prior exposure to the pathogen to create a customized response. Antibodies like IgG and IgA play an essential part in this process. They can bind to S. sobrinus, preventing it from adhering to tooth surfaces, neutralizing its poisons, or identifying it for destruction by other immune cells.
T cells are another important part of the adaptive immune response. Helper T cells can generate cytokines, signaling molecules that activate and coordinate other immune cells, increasing the body’s fight against S. sobrinus. Cytotoxic T cells, on the other hand, can directly kill S. sobrinus-infected cells, restricting the bacteria’s spread.
Host genetic characteristics also help to protect against S. sobrinus infection. Variations in the host’s genes, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms, can affect how well the host identifies and responds to S. sobrinus. TLRs are essential proteins in identifying bacterial components and initiating immune responses. Specific TLR polymorphisms may impair an individual’s ability to resist S. sobrinus and other diseases effectively.
Dental caries (decaying of a tooth) is the most common clinical symptom of Streptococcus sobrinus infection. When exposed to sugar, the bacterium attaches to the tooth enamel & generates acid, causing enamel erosion and cavity formation. It can cause a variety of dental-related symptoms & consequences.
Tooth sensitivity is a typical clinical indication of S. sobrinus infection, in which individuals suffer discomfort or pain while ingesting hot or cold foods and beverages. The damaged teeth may become temperature sensitive, causing discomfort while eating or drinking. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental caries can cause tooth discoloration, giving damaged teeth a yellowish or brownish look. Halitosis, or Bad breath, can be a clinical indication of bacteria breaking down food particles & releasing foul-smelling gases.
Dental caries induced by S. sobrinus can advance and lead to more severe clinical symptoms if left untreated. Toothache is a frequent symptom when decay reaches the inner layers of the tooth, which include nerves. Abscesses, localized infections with pus, can form when the infection extends to the tooth’s root. Untreated dental caries further led to tooth loss in rare circumstances. Furthermore, S. sobrinus dental infections can spread beyond the oral cavity & cause systemic issues if the bacteria enter the circulation.
Aside from the outward symptoms, S. sobrinus dental caries can substantially impact an individual’s quality of life. It can impair their ability to eat, communicate, and maintain good dental health. Dental caries can induce shame, resulting in a drop in self-esteem and social relationships, mainly if the afflicted teeth are visible when smiling or speaking.
Culture method: A sample is taken from the patient and streaked onto Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB) or Modified Mitis Salivarius Agar with Bacitracin (MSB). After incubation, S. sobrinus colonies can be characterized by their distinctive appearance, which includes small, smooth, round, and pinpoint-shaped colonies. Microscopy can be used to confirm the identity further. Gram staining of the bacterial colonies reveals the Gram-positive morphology of S. sobrinus, characterized by purple-stained spherical cells in chains or pairs.
The rapid antigen test: It is an easy & quick way to determine the presence of S. sobrinus antigens in a sample, typically collected via a throat swab. If the antigens are present, the test uses a gadget that displays a color change or a line. While this test delivers immediate answers, other diagnostic approaches may be more accurate and sensitive. It is widely used to diagnose strep throat caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), a close relative of S. sobrinus.
The molecular test: A compassionate approach for detecting S. sobrinus DNA in various materials, including throat swabs, blood, and spinal fluid. It entails utilizing primers and enzymes to amplify a specific section of the Streptococcus genome and then identifying the amplified product using gel electrophoresis or fluorescence techniques. The molecular test is more sensitive and faster than culture or rapid antigen testing, making it a useful diagnostic tool.
Reducing the intake of sugar and other fermentable carbohydrates can help limit the fuel available for the growth and acid production of Streptococcus sobrinus. Limiting the consumption of sugary foods & beverages and opting for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, milk, and cheese can help maintain a healthier oral environment.
Regular and proper oral hygiene practices like brushing teeth at least twice daily, flossing, rinsing with mouthwash, and using fluoride products, help remove plaque and food debris that can harbor Streptococcus sobrinus and other bacteria. Maintaining good oral hygiene can prevent the buildup of harmful bacteria, reducing the risk of dental caries and gum inflammation.
Antibacterial agents can be used to treat existing infections caused by Streptococcus sobrinus or to prevent new infections. These agents may include topical or systemic antibiotics, chlorhexidine mouthwash, xylitol products, fluoride treatments, essential oils, herbs, spices, or plant extracts. However, their use should be reasonable and under professional guidance to avoid potential side effects and bacterial resistance.
Vaccines targeting Streptococcus sobrinus show promise in preventing infections, though they are still under development. Vaccines can induce the production of specific antibodies that neutralize or destroy germs, giving long-term protection against dental caries and other disorders.
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On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
medtigo Simulation
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
medtigo Points
medtigo points is our unique point redemption system created to award users for interacting on our site. These points can be redeemed for special discounts on the medtigo marketplace as well as towards the membership cost itself.
Community Forum post/reply = 5 points
*Redemption of points can occur only through the medtigo marketplace, courses, or simulation system. Money will not be credited to your bank account. 10 points = $1.
All Your Certificates in One Place
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
