Onychorrhexis is the nail plate’s alternate longitudinal thinning and thickening, often known as ridging. Longitudinal splitting can also occur. The most usually impacted fingernails are the first.

Onychorrhexis is thought to be caused by abnormal keratinization in the nail matrix. It can be caused by anorexia, brittle nail syndrome, lichen planus, advanced age, trauma, frequent exposure to soap, detergents, and cuticle exposure.

Beau’s lines are depressions on nails. When the growth in the region under the cuticle is disrupted by injury or severe sickness, indentations might form.

Uncontrolled diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and infections associated with a high temperature, such as measles, scarlet fever, mumps, and pneumonia, are all linked to Beau’s lines. Beau’s lines may potentially indicate a zinc deficiency.

Leukonychia striata or Mees’ lines are visible transverse white lines in the nails caused by arsenic deposition in keratin-rich tissues.

Hodgkin lymphoma, arsenic poisoning, carcinoid tumors, and chemotherapeutic drugs such as cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and doxorubicin have all been linked to Mees lines.

Clubbing of the nails is caused by soft tissue expansion of the terminal phalanx, which causes the angle between the nail bed and the nail to straighten.

Clubbing is frequently found in conjunction with other dermatologic and musculoskeletal abnormalities. Infectious, neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular disorders are some of the reasons for acquired nail clubbing.

Periungual fibromas, also known as Koenen’s tumors, are common in tuberous sclerosis patients’ feet and hands. Multiple periungual fibromas are a rare type of benign connective tissue tumor. Periungual fibromas can develop in patients.

However, they are usually caused by tuberous sclerosis complex. These benign tumors frequently impose undue strain on the nail matrix, resulting in pain, discomfort, and nail deformity.

Instances result from spontaneous novel mutations that develop in the early stages of life, most commonly TSC2 mutations. People of all ethnicity and genders might be affected. The condition can manifest itself at any age, from birth to adulthood, although it is most common between 2 and 6 years.

Splinter hemorrhages are small blood spots that develop beneath the nail. They resemble splinters caused by microscopic blood vessels or capillaries along the nail bed being injured and ruptured. The bleeding causes a splinter-like line to form in the direction of the nail development.

Splinter hemorrhages can happen on your toes or fingers. It is also caused by conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and vasculitis, systemic conditions such as SLE, scleroderma, psoriasis, and fungal infection of the nail.

Lindsay’s nail’s etiology is unknown; however, the distal reddish-brown band might be caused by an increase in melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentration. This syndrome can be observed in up to 40% of chronic renal disease patients.

Terry’s nail has a 0.5 to 3.0 mm pink to brown distal band with proximal nail bed whiteness that occupies about 80% of the nail bed.

Persistent congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and adult-onset diabetes mellitus are often associated with this condition.

Yellow nail syndrome causes nails to lose their cuticle and separate from the nail bed in certain areas. It is frequently associated with respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis. Arm swelling can also be associated with yellow nail syndrome.

Spoon nails (koilonychia) are thin nails with a scooped-out appearance. Typically, the depression is sufficient to hold a drop of liquid.

Spoon nails are frequently an indication of iron deficiency anemia or hemochromatosis, a liver disorder in which the body absorbs excess dietary iron. Spoon nails are also linked to heart disease and hypothyroidism.

Little white patches on the nails characterize the most prevalent type of leukonychia. Nail picking and biting are common causes in young children and fingernail biters. Aside from parakeratosis, trapped air within the cells also may contribute to this pattern. Trauma is also a factor for consideration.

When white spots form on a single or a few fingers or toes, the most typical cause is an injury to the nail matrix. When this occurs, white patches fade after about eight months, the time required for nails to regrow entirely. As the nail grows, the pattern and frequency of patches may alter.

Leukonychia totalis is a clinical manifestation of hypoalbuminemia, which can occur in nephrotic syndrome, protein malabsorption, and protein-losing enteropathies. This disorder is characterized by whitening the entire nail and is most likely to affect all nails.

Whitening of only one complete nail is not regarded as a sign of Leukonychia totalis but a likely outcome of mechanical stress. This appearance can be caused by a hereditary disease or a side effect from using sulphonamides.

The clinical definition of nail detachment from the skin underneath is onycholysis. Onycholysis is common and can be caused by a variety of factors. Since nails do not reconnect to their nail bed, this condition can persist for several months.

Symptoms should go away after a new nail grows as a replacement for the old nail. Toenails can take 8-12 months to regenerate, whereas fingernails require 4-6 months.

Melanonychia is a black or brown nail discoloration. It might be widespread or in the shape of a longitudinal band. Melanonychia can afflict people of all ages and impacts both sexes equally. It is more common in individuals with darker skin tones.

Melanonychia can also be caused by a genetic condition, an event, connective tissue disease, inflammatory skin disease, drugs, nutritional deficit, endocrine disease, nail infection, or a local tumor.

Nail pitting is described as tiny pits or depressions on the nail, which appear to be rendered by an ice pick. Patients with psoriasis, eczema, and alopecia areata frequently experience this condition.