Acute Pain

Updated: January 5, 2023

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Background

Epidemiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Genetics

Prognostic Factors

Clinical History

Physical Examination

Age group

Associated comorbidity

Associated activity

Acuity of presentation

Differential Diagnoses

Laboratory Studies

Imaging Studies

Procedures

Histologic Findings

Staging

Treatment Paradigm

by Stage

by Modality

Chemotherapy

Radiation Therapy

Surgical Interventions

Hormone Therapy

Immunotherapy

Hyperthermia

Photodynamic Therapy

Stem Cell Transplant

Targeted Therapy

Palliative Care

Medication

 

etoricoxib

120

mg

Tablet

Oral

once a day



celecoxib

200

mg

Orally 

twice a day



etodolac

200 - 400

mg

immediately release every 6 to 8 hrs (do not exceed 1g/day)



mefenamic acid 

Initial dose: 500mg once orally, then 250mg orally four times daily whenever necessary
Do not exceed for more than seven days



tramadol/acetaminophen 


Indicated for Short-Term, Acute Pain
2 tablets orally four-six times a day; should not exceed 8 tablets in a day
Duration of treatment is 5 days or less
Note:
Renal impairment: CrCl <30 ml/min, two tablets orally two times a day, Should not exceed four tablets in a day; duration of treatment should not exceed five days
Hepatic impairment: Should not administer Physicians can advise patients for 1-2 tablets of 325mg acetaminophen up to six times in a day. Should not exceed 4000mg of acetaminophen in a day



oxymorphone 

Patients who have not previously taken opioids (immediate release): 10 to 20 mg taken orally every 4 to 6 hours as required at first, and then adjusted as necessary.



celecoxib/tramadol 

Take 2 tablets having combination of 112 mg celecoxib/88 mg tramadol orally every 12 hours, as required. Never exceed the limit of suggested dose
Dosage Modifications Renal impairment tramadol: Reduced renal function results in a decrease in the rate and scope of discharge of tramadol and its active metabolite
celecoxib: No notable correlation has been observed between GFR and celecoxib clearance there has been no research conducted on patients with severe renal deficiency
Hepatic impairment Not advisable for mild-to-moderate impaired liver function
For tramadol In cases of severe liver impairment, the metabolism of tramadol and M1 is decreased, as demonstrated in a study on advanced liver cirrhosis
For celecoxib celecoxib should not be used in moderate hepatic dysfunction as the combination with tramadol cannot be tailored to individual needs. In cases of moderate hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh B), the dose of celecoxib should be reduced by 50% if used as a standalone medication. It is not advisable to use celecoxib in cases of severe hepatic dysfunction
Dosing considerations Carefully observe for any signs of breathing difficulties, particularly during the initial 24 to 72 hours of treatment and following any dosage changes; modify dosage as necessary
Before commencing treatment, take into account the intensity of the pain, the patient's reaction, prior usage of painkillers and any risk factors for addiction, misuse or abuse



diclofenac 

Indicated to treat moderate to mild acute pain in adults
Immediate-release- 100 mg orally once, later 50 mg orally thrice daily as required
Extended-release tablets-
Zipsor- 25 mg orally four times daily as required
Zorvolex- 18-35 mg orally thrice daily
Keeping individual treatment goals, use the potent dose for a short duration



sufentanil SL 

(severe):

30 mcg Sublingual as required with at least 1 hour between doses
daily dose should not exceed more than 360 mcg (12 tabs)



Dose Adjustments

Dosage Modifications
Renal impairment

It is excreted through the kidneys, in patients who have mild to moderate impairment, no significant changes are seen.
In patients who have severe renal impairment, monitor for adverse effects such as sedation, hypotension, and respiratory depression
Hepatic impairment
It is metabolized in liver; clearance can decrease after hepatic impairment
In patients who have hepatic impairment, monitor for adverse effects such as sedation, hypotension, and respiratory depression

diclofenac topical 

Use one patch every 12 hours applied on the highly aching region



ketorolac 

Administer dose of 30 mg intravenously every 6 hours and maximum limit of up to 120 mg daily
Administer dose of 30 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours and maximum limit of up to 120 mg daily
Take 20 mg orally one time after intravenous or intramuscular therapy
After this take 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours and maximum limit of up to 40 mg daily
Dosing Considerations
Total duration of therapy should not be more than five days
Reduce daily dose in patients specially those who are more than 65 years old and less than 50 kg weight
Dosing Modifications
Renal impairment
Severe: Avoid usage
Moderate: Use 50% of suggested dose and not more than 60 mg daily via intramuscular or intravenous route
Hepatic impairment
Study not performed



nimesulide 


Indicated for Acute Pain, Osteoarthritis, Dysmenorrhoea
100 mg orally two times a day
It should not be used for more than 15 days
Or
200 mg through the rectal route two times a day
Acute traumatic tendinitis, Sprains
Apply a thin layer of 3% gel or cream near the affected area two-three times a day for 7 to 15 days



ibuprofen/dextropropoxyphene 

Take a dose as per physician advised



morphine 

15-30 mg oral tablet every 4 hours as and when required

10-20 mg suppository every 4 hours as and when required



flurbiprofen 

150 to 300 mg oral tablet in 3 to 4 divided doses per day or as needed



 

etodolac

Children and adolescents <18 Years:

Weight <50kg: 7.5 to 10 mg/kg immediate release every 12 hrs (Do not exceed 1000 mg/day)
Weight >50kg: 300 to 400 mg immediate release every 12 hrs (Do not exceed 1000 mg/day)



mefenamic acid 

<14 years: Not recommended
>14 years: Initial dose: 500mg orally once, then 250mg orally four times a day whenever necessary
Do not exceed for more than seven days



tramadol/acetaminophen 


Indicated for Short-Term, Acute Pain
Age >16 years
2 tablets orally four-six times a day; should not exceed 8 tablets in a day
Duration of treatment is 5 days or less
Age <16 years
Safety and efficacy not established



diclofenac 

For <12 years, safety and efficacy are not seen
For ≥12 years, indicated to relieve moderate to mild pain
25 mg orally 4 times daily
Dose Modification
In the case of hepatic impairment, start over with the lowest potent dose, and consider substitute treatment if efficacy is not achieved



diclofenac topical 

Safety and efficacy not determined in less than six years old
Use one patch every 12 hours applied on highly aching region in more than or equal to six years old



ketorolac 

Safety and efficacy not determined in less than two years old
2-16 years:
Single dose: administer 0.5 mg/kg through intravenous or intramuscular one time and not more than 15 mg dose
Multiple dose: administer 0.5 mg/kg through intravenous or intramuscular every 6 hours and for not more than 5 days
>16 years and less than 50 kg:
Administer dose of 15 mg intravenously every 6 hours and maximum limit up to 60 mg daily
Administer dose of 15 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours and maximum limit up to 60 mg daily
Take 10 mg orally one time after intravenous or intramuscular therapy
After this take 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours and maximum limit up to 40 mg daily
>16 years and more than 50 kg:
Administer dose of 30 mg intravenously every 6 hours and maximum limit up to 120 mg daily
Administer dose of 30 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours and maximum limit up to 120 mg daily
Take 20 mg orally one time after intravenous or intramuscular therapy
After this take 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours and maximum limit up to 40 mg daily
Dosing Considerations
Avoid using in pediatric patients
Total duration of therapy should not more than five days



 

mefenamic acid 

Initial dose: 500mg orally once then 250mg orally four times a day whenever necessary
Do not exceed for more than seven days



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Acute Pain

Updated : January 5, 2023

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