Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
triamterene hydrochlorothiazide
1-2 tablets/capsules 37.5mg/25mg (triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide) or
50mg/25mg (triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide) orally every Day
1 tablet 75mg/50mg (triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide) orally every Day
75
mg
Tablet
Orally 
every day
0.5 - 2
mg
Orally 
once a day
; may be repeated every 4-5 hours for up to 2 doses; maximum daily dose is 10 mg
IM- 0.5-1 mg intramuscular once; may be repeated every 2-3 hours for up to 2 doses; maximum daily dose is 10 mg.
IV- 1 mg intravenous at first, then 0.5-2 mg/hr
12 - 48
mg
Tablet
Orally 
divided into 3 to 4 doses every day
Indicated for cerebral edema
10 mg intravenously followed by 4 mg of intramuscular injection every 6 hours until improvement is achieved
Reduce the dose 2-4 days and discontinue gradually over 5-7 days
Initial dose is 2.5 mg taken orally daily
dose may be adjusted upwards if necessary
dose should not exceed 10 mg taken orally daily
Start with 2.5 mg orally daily and may raised up to 5 mg daily
sodium chloride hypertonic, ophthalmic Â
Indicated for corneal Edema
Ophthalmic solution- Administer 1-2 drops into the affected eye(s) every 3-4 hours or as instructed by a healthcare professional
Ophthalmic ointment- lower the eyelid(s) gently and administer a small quantity (approximately 1/4 inch) of ointment on the inner surface of the eyelid
Apply one time daily and follow the instructions of healthcare provider
Indicated for Edema:
The recommended oral dosage for this medication ranges from 25 to 200 mg every day, either as a single dose or multiple doses
Initial dose should be continued for at least five days, after that adjust to maintenance dose
NOTE:
Additional diuretic treatment may be necessary if adequate diuresis is not achieved within five days, and the dosage of the initial drug should remain unchanged in this case
Hypertension:
To begin treatment, the recommended initial oral dose is 50 to 100 mg every day, either as a single dose or multiple doses
Treatment should continue for at least 2 weeks to achieve the maximum response, after which the dose may be adjusted based on the patient's response
Congestive Heart Failure:
25 mg every day ,assuming serum potassium levels are ≤5 mEq/L and serum creatinine levels are nearly equal to 2.5 mg/dL
Patients who tolerate the initial dose may increase their dose to 50 mg orally every day or decrease to 25 mg orally every other day
Hyperaldosteronism:
For the purpose of diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism:
Long test-400 mg orally every day for 3 to 4 weeks
Short test-400 mg orally every day for 4 days
Maintenance dose-100-400mg orally every day till surgery
2 gm each day initially
Maintain the dose at 800-1200 mg each day
Keep the maximum dose upto 2 gm in daily divided doses
starting dose: 25-100 mg orally given two times a day after the meals
Maintenance dose: 50-150 mg daily given orally in 2-3 divided doses. Maximum recommended dose is 200 mg daily orally in 2-4 divided doses
Dose Adjustments
Dosing modifications
Renal impairment
CrCl less than 25 mL/min: usually not recommended.
CrCl 25 to 80 mL/min: starting dose: 25 mg orally given two times a day after the meals. Maintenance dose: 50-100 mg daily given orally in a single or in two divided doses.
Liver impairment
Not known
with heart failure :
3 to 6 mg in a day
12.5-25 mg orally once daily
Administer alternatively on specific weekdays
Increase the dose as required based on tolerability and response up to 100 mg each day
Administer in combination with loop diuretics
To avoid over-diuresis and determine the efficacy, assess the status of the volume every 2-3 days
Continue the medication until the restoration of euvolemia occurs
In cardiac cases, renal or hepatic, including the iatrogenic oedema: 50 to 200 mg given daily in 1 to 2 divided doses initially, preferably morning, may be reduced to 25 to 50 mg on alternate days or according to the patient's response
10 to 20 mg daily
Indicated for Peripheral vascular disease
120 mcg orally every day in divided three times a day
Primary pulmonary hypertension
Initial dose: 60 mcg orally every day in divided three times a day
It may enhance to 180 mcg orally every day in divided three-four times a day
100 to 200 mg thrice a day
Take one capsule orally thrice a day after a meal
The initial oral dose is 10 to 20 mg once daily, the dosage can be enhanced, by doubling it, till the desirable diuretic outcome is attained
Doses exceeding 200 mg have not undergone thorough investigation
5 to 10 mg orally given daily in the morning or on the alternate days. 5 to 30 mg weekly in divided doses as maintenance dose. Maximum dose: 20 mg daily
1 month to 2 years: 50 to 100 mcg/kg daily
Above 2 to 12 years: 50 to 400 mcg/kg daily (maximum dose of 10 mg), then 50 to 100 mcg/kg daily
1 month to 2 years: 50 to 100 mcg/kg daily
Above 2 to 12 years: 50 to 400 mcg/kg daily (maximum dose of 10 mg), then 50 to 100 mcg/kg daily
At starting, take 1 mg to 4 mg orally one time a day during morning time
maintenance dose:
5
mg
Tablet
Orally 
5-10mg orally every 24hours
The oral starting dose is 1 to 2 mg one time a daily, basically in the morning hours
For the maintenance therapy, the dose is 1 to 2 mg twice or thrice a week
Initial dose: 0.25 to 0.5 mg is given daily and can be reduced to the lowest effective dosage for maintenance. In pan patients with heart failure, up to 1 mg is given daily
Take a dose of 1 to 4 mg orally daily
Buflomedil is a vasodilator medication that improves muscle cell metabolism, platelet aggregation inhibition, and the deformability of red blood cells (RBC)
It is a mild calcium channel blocker and an inhibitor of alpha-adrenoceptors
The recommended usual dose is 300-600 mg via oral administration in a day
The recommended usual IM dose is up to max 100 mg in a day
The recommended usual IV dose via slow IV injection is up to max 200 mg in a day or up to max 400 mg in a day by infusion
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
Take a dose of 100 to 300 mg orally every day or divided dose every 12 hours
Indicated in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and cerebrovascular insufficiency related mental deterioration
Typically, a divided daily dose of 3–6 mg is advised
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
25-100mg orally once or twice a day
triamterene/hydrochlorothiazideÂ
1 tablet of 75 mg triamterene and 50 mg HCTZ orally every day
1-2 tablets/capsules of 37.5-50 mg triamterene and 25 mg HCTZ orally every day
sodium chloride hypertonic, ophthalmic Â
Indicated for corneal edema
Ophthalmic solution-Administer 1-2 drops into the affected eye(s) every 3-4 hours or as instructed by a healthcare professional
Ophthalmic ointment- lower the eyelid(s) gently and administer a small quantity (approximately 1/4 inch) of ointment on the inner surface of the eyelid
Apply every 3-4 hours or as instructed by a healthcare professional
Indicated for Edema as off label
1-3.3 mg/kg every day orally or in divided two times a day
It should not exceed 3.3 mg/kg in a day or 100 mg in a day
Hypertension as off-label
1-3.3 mg/kg every day orally or in divided two times a day
It should not exceed 3.3 mg/kg in a day or 100 mg in a day
above 12 years: Initial Recommended dose is 1 mg/kg daily
Take one capsule orally thrice a day after a meal
< 6 months:1-3 mg/kg/day orally every 12 hours
6 months years:1-3 mg/kg/day orally once a day
2-12 years: 1-3mg/kg/day
Take one capsule orally thrice a day after a meal
Administer 12.5 to 25mg/day orally
Future Trends
References
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