Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Background
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Age group
Associated comorbidity
Associated activity
Acuity of presentation
Differential Diagnoses
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Procedures
Histologic Findings
Staging
Treatment Paradigm
by Stage
by Modality
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Hormone Therapy
Immunotherapy
Hyperthermia
Photodynamic Therapy
Stem Cell Transplant
Targeted Therapy
Palliative Care
Medication
20
mg
inhaled by nebulizer twice a day
or
1 or 2 capsules inhaled every 12 hours (Do not exceed 4 capsules/day)
15
mcg
oral inhalation twice a day
1 capsule (75 mcg) is inhaled once a day
Nebulization solution: 0.63 mg to 1.25mg oral inhalation every 1 hour for 2 to 3 doses or as needed
Metered-dose inhaler: 1 to 2 oral inhalations every 1 hour for 2 to 3 doses or as needed
Inhaler:
2
actuations
every 6 hrs
Do not exceed 12 actuations per day
Nebulizer: 2.5 mL every 6-8hours
500
mcg
Tablet
Orally 
once a day
4
weeks
Inhalation mouth spray:
Mouth spray
Inhalation
Each actuation=2.5mcg tiotropium(3.124mcg tiotropium bromide monohydrate) and 2.5mcg olodaterol(2.736mcg olodaterol hydrochloride
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Two inhalations orally every day at the same time
glycopyrrolate inhaled and formoterolÂ
Mouth spray
Orally inhaled
twice a day
Two inhalations (Formoterol 18mcg/ Glycopyrrolate inhaled 9 mcg for each inhalation)
Do not exceed two inhalations per day
Mild/moderate/severe:
875
mg
every 12 hrs or 500mg every 8hrs
Acute exacerbation:
500 mg oral tablet immediate release every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days
Note: Not recommended for with risk infection of Pseudomonas
One inhalation orally twice a day. Do not exceed one inhalation per day
Aerosol Metered dose inhaler
1 to 2 inhalations in 2-3 doses every hour, then every 2 to 4 hours
In the case of mild/moderate infections: 500 mg orally every 12 hours or 400 mg intravenously every 12 hours for 7-14 days
In the case of severe/complicated infections: 750 mg orally every 12 hours or 400 mg intravenously every 8 hours for 7-14 days
Limitations for usage: Reserve the fluoroquinolones for patients who are voided of available treatment options for chronic bronchitis
3 days of 500 mg orally every day OR Instead, take 500 mg orally in a single dosage on Day 1, then 250 mg orally every day from Days 2 to 5
inhaling 400 mcg (1 puff) orally two times daily
Using a mouthpiece on a nebulizer, inhale 175 mcg orally every day
Administer every day at the same time
Do not exceed 175mg daily once
Dose Adjustments
Renal impairment
Any level of impairment: No change in dose is necessary.
Patients with COPD with substantial renal impairment should be monitored for systemic antimuscarinic side effects.
Hepatic impairment
Mild-to-severe: Safety has not been determined; individuals with any degree of hepatic impairment are not recommended
It is indicated in the maintenance of bronchospasm that is linked to COPD, helping in COPD exacerbations
Spiriva Handihaler- 2 inhalations from a capsule orally each day through the HandiHaler device
Spiriva Respimat- 2 actuation of 2.5 mcg each, inhaled orally daily
indacaterol, inhaled/glycopyrrolate inhaledÂ
Indicated for long-term maintenance of COPD
Inhale the contents orally through one capsule every 12 hours by a neo haler device
umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol inhaledÂ
Indicated for long-term maintenance of COPD that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
62.5 mcg/25mcg as one actuation inhaled orally each day
Do not exceed more than one inhalation each day
budesonide inhaled/formoterol/glycopyrrolate inhaledÂ
2 inhalations orally two times daily
Dosage Modifications
Renal impairment
Study not carried out
Study not carried out
Dosing Considerations
Limitations of use: Not suggested for in acute bronchospasm
Aerosol: Administer 100 mcg/20 mcg (1 metered-dose inhaler actuation) every six hours
Do not exceed more than six actuations daily.
Nebulizer: Administer 3ml inhalation every 6 hours.
Do not exceed 3ml every 4 hours.
(off-label):
By using a dry powder inhaler, The administration of batefenterol at a dose of 300 µg for a duration of 42 days
Note: The dosage of 300 µg of batefenterol could be considered as the most suitable for clinical trials (phase III)
Indicated as mucolytic agent:
Administer 750 mg to 2.25 g daily in three to four divided doses
Take a dose of 20 mcg orally two times a day
Daily dose should not be more than 60 mcg
As metered-dose aerosol:
Inhaled dose of 250 to 500 mcg when required
Dose should not be more than 8 times in a day
Do not repeat dose in less than 1 hour
It assesses four separate inhaled abediterol dosages at 0.625 ug, 2.5 ug, 5 ug & 10 ug Comparing the results to a placebo, it was evident that all doses considerably improved bronchodilation Comparing the doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 ug to the active comparator, further improvements were observed
115 mg of etophylline and 35 mg of theophylline is given once a day
It is used as a respiratory stimulant used in the therapy for acute respiratory failure such as COPD
The usual dose via oral administration given as a tablet is 50 -100 mg, which is divided into two doses per day
The usual dose via IV administration is 1-3 mg/kg per day, which is given in divided doses which is infused for over 2 hours
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
Administer 1 to 2 g once or twice a day intramuscularly or intravenous infusion.
Maximum dose-4 g/day.
Renal impairment
CrCl 10 to 30ml/min-Administer 1 to 2 g every day.
CrCl<10ml/min- Administer 0.5 to 1 g every day.
Take a dose of 100 mg orally two times daily
Aerosol: 100mcg albuterol /20mcg ipratropium bromide (1 actuation of metered-dose inhaler) every 6 hours; should not exceed more than 6 actuations/day
Nebulizer solution: 3 mL is inhaled every 6hours; should not exceed more than 3 mL every 4hours
Take one tablet/capsule after the breakfast with a glass of water. Dose can be repeated every six hours, should not exceed more than four capsules daily
solution
Inhalation
Using the nebulization system, inhale the contents of the vial two times a day
Capsules for inhalation
using an inhaler, inhale the capsule contents twice daily
Administer 2 inhaled aerosols dose at an interval of minimum 1 to 3 minutes followed by a third inhalation
Administer 150mg twice a day, can increase the dose to 300mg to 450mg twice a day based on the patient's tolerance.
375
mg
Tablets
Orally 
twice a day
2
weeks
Dose Adjustments
Off-label
280
mcg
Inhalation
once a day
Off-label
budesonide and formoterol (inhalation)Â
160 mcg/9 mcg (2 divided doses of 80 mcg/4.5 mcg) every 12hr
should not exceed more than 320 mcg/9 mcg q12hr
Dose Adjustments
Dosing considerations:
Asthma: 80 mcg/4.5mcg should be given if response is inadequate after 1-2 weeks.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): the only treatment dose is 160 mcg/4.5 mcg.
It is used to treat obstructive lung illnesses like COPD and asthma
It is used to treat the symptoms of lung problems, such as wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest
The recommended usual dose per day is 400 mg two or three times with a maximum permissible limit is 1200 mg per day
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
It is mostly recommended for respiratory tract infections, chronic bronchitis, and urinary tract infections
The usual recommended single dose per week only once is 2 g via oral administration
Dose Adjustments
Reduction in dosage is needed depending upon the condition
Liquid Extract
Administer 0.3ml to 1.0 ml orally thrice a day;60% ethanol
Topical Mouthwash
Administer 6g dried herb with 150 ml water. Rinse thrice or twice a day
Rhizome/Dried root/Tea
Administer 0.5 to 1g orally thrice a day
Tincture
Administer 2 to 4 ml orally thrice a day;60% ethanol
Indicated for Acute bacterial exacerbations of the COPD
500 mg orally four times a day for nearly three days
or Day-1: 500 mg orally one time Day-2 to Day-5: 250 mg orally every day
batefenterol (Investigational)Â
Off-label:
By using a dry powder inhaler, the administration of batefenterol at a dose of 300 µg for a duration of 42 days
Note: The dosage of 300 µg of batefenterol could be considered as the most suitable for clinical trials (phase III)
Mild/moderate/severe :
45 mg/kg daily divided in doses for every 12hrs or 40 mg/kg per day in divided doses for every 8hrs
Community-acquired pneumonia (Off-label use)
<3 months: Safety and effectiveness have not been established
Age: ≥3 months
immediate release (IR):
Empirical treatment:
90 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
Group A Streptococcus:
50-75 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
H. influenza:
75-100 mg/kg/day orally, divided 3 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
S. pneumoniae:
90 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days or 45 mg/kg/day divided 2 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
Indicated as mucolytic agent:
Children 12 to under 15 years: Administer 100 to 750 mg thrice daily.
Children 6 to 11 years: Administer 100 to 250 mg thrice daily.
Children 2 to 5 years: Administer 100 mg twice or 62.5mg 125mg four times daily.
For <2 years old:
Take a dose of 2.5 ml orally two times daily
For 2 to 5 years old:
Take a dose of 2.5 ml orally three times daily
For >5 years old:
Take a dose of 5 ml orally two times daily
for >12 years old:
Administer 2 inhaled aerosols dose at an interval of minimum 1 to 3 minutes followed by a third inhalation
It is used to treat obstructive lung illnesses like COPD and asthma
It is used to treat the symptoms of lung problems, such as wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest
The recommended usual dose per day is 400 mg two or three times with a maximum permissible limit is 1200 mg per day
It is used to treat obstructive lung illnesses like COPD and asthma
It is used to treat the symptoms of lung problems, such as wheezing, dyspnea, and tightness in the chest
Lower the dosage compared to the adult dosage to 200 mg twice a day
Dose Adjustments
Limited data is available
Future Trends
References
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
