cyclopenthiazide

Action and Spectrum

Actions and spectrum: 

Actions: 

• Diuretic Effect: cyclopenthiazide promotes the elimination of excess sodium and water by increasing urine production. This can be beneficial in conditions where fluid retention and edema are concerns. 
• Blood Pressure Reduction: By enhancing sodium and water excretion, cyclopenthiazide helps decrease blood volume and subsequently lowers blood pressure. It is commonly used in the management of hypertension. 

Spectrum: 

• Hypertension: cyclopenthiazide is prescribed as an antihypertensive agent to help control and manage elevated blood pressure. 
• Edema: It may be used in the treatment of edema associated with various conditions, such as heart failure, renal dysfunction, or hepatic cirrhosis. 

Drug Interaction

Adverse Reaction

Frequency not defined 

Electrolyte imbalance
gout 

thirst 

muscle pain 

Hypotension 

anorexia 

headache 

cholestatic jaundice 

blood dyscrasias 

dizziness 

postural hypotension 

Hyperglycaemia 

dry mouth 

weakness 

seizures 

GI disturbances 

sialadenitis 

impotence 

photosensitivity reactions 

Paraesthesia 

glycosuria 

Black Box Warning

Black Box Warning: 

There is no specific black box warning associated with cyclopenthiazide. 

Contraindication / Caution

Contraindication/Caution: 

Contraindication: 

• Hypersensitivity or Allergy: Individuals with a known hypersensitivity or allergy to cyclopenthiazide or other sulfonamide-derived drugs should not use this medication. 
• Anuria: Anuria refers to a state of absent or significantly reduced urine production. cyclopenthiazide is contraindicated in patients with anuria. 
• Severe Renal Impairment: The use of cyclopenthiazide is contraindicated in severe renal impairment, as it is primarily excreted through the kidneys. 
• Severe Hepatic Impairment: Severe liver dysfunction may also be a contraindication to the use of cyclopenthiazide. 
• Gout: Thiazide diuretics, including cyclopenthiazide, can increase serum uric acid levels and may exacerbate symptoms in individuals with gout.

Caution: 

• Renal Impairment: Caution is advised in individuals with mild to moderate renal impairment. Dose adjustments or monitoring of renal function may be necessary. 
• Hepatic Impairment: Individuals with mild to moderate hepatic impairment may require caution when using cyclopenthiazide. Close monitoring of liver function may be recommended. 
• Electrolyte Imbalances: Thiazide diuretics, including cyclopenthiazide, can affect electrolyte balance. Caution is needed in individuals with conditions that may predispose them to electrolyte imbalances, such as those taking medications that affect potassium levels or individuals with underlying electrolyte disorders. 
• Hyperparathyroidism: Thiazide diuretics may affect calcium balance. Caution is advised in individuals with hyperparathyroidism.

Comorbidities: 

• Diabetes: Thiazide diuretics can influence glucose metabolism and may necessitate adjustments in diabetes management. Monitoring of blood glucose levels is important in individuals with diabetes. 
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Thiazide diuretics have been associated with an increase in exacerbating or activating systemic lupus erythematosus. Caution is advised in individuals with SLE. 
• Cardiovascular Conditions: Individuals with certain cardiovascular conditions, such as arrhythmias or severe heart failure, may require careful monitoring when using thiazide diuretics. 
• Pregnancy and Lactation: The use of thiazide diuretics during pregnancy and lactation should be approached with caution, and potential risks and benefits should be carefully considered. 

Pregnancy / Lactation

Pregnancy consideration: pregnancy category: not assigned 

Lactation: excreted into human milk: unknown  

Pregnancy category: 

• Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester. 
• Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. 
• Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   
• Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits. 
• Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women. 
• Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category. 

Pharmacology

Pharmacology: 

cyclopenthiazide is a thiazide diuretic that exerts its pharmacological effects by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys. This leads to increased excretion of sodium and water, resulting in diuresis and a reduction in blood volume.

The diuretic action contributes to the management of conditions such as hypertension and edema associated with congestive heart failure or renal dysfunction. Thiazide diuretics also have mild vasodilatory effects, which can further contribute to their antihypertensive properties.

Additionally, they may impact calcium and uric acid metabolism. The overall pharmacological profile of cyclopenthiazide supports its use in the treatment of conditions characterized by fluid retention and elevated blood pressure.  

Pharmacodynamics: 

• Inhibition of Sodium Reabsorption: cyclopenthiazide acts primarily in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium ions. By blocking sodium transport, it promotes the excretion of sodium and water, leading to increased urine production. 
• Diuretic Effect: The primary pharmacodynamic effect of cyclopenthiazide is diuresis, the increased elimination of sodium and water. This diuretic action helps reduce blood volume and decrease extracellular fluid, contributing to the management of conditions such as hypertension and edema. 
• Mild Vasodilation: Thiazide diuretics, including cyclopenthiazide, may cause mild vasodilation. This effect contributes to their antihypertensive action by reducing peripheral vascular resistance. 
• Electrolyte Effects: Thiazide diuretics can lead to alterations in electrolyte balance, including increased excretion of potassium. Regular monitoring of electrolyte levels, especially potassium, is important to prevent electrolyte imbalances. 
• Antihypertensive Action: The combination of diuresis and vasodilation contributes to the antihypertensive properties of cyclopenthiazide. It helps lower blood pressure by reducing both blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. 
• Impact on Calcium Metabolism: Thiazide diuretics may lead to a mild increase in calcium reabsorption, potentially beneficial for individuals with a history of kidney stones related to hypercalciuria.

Pharmacokinetics: 

• Absorption: cyclopenthiazide is typically administered orally, and absorption occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. The drug is absorbed into the bloodstream from the digestive system. 
• Distribution: Once absorbed, cyclopenthiazide is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. Thiazide diuretics, in general, have a high volume of distribution, meaning they distribute extensively into tissues. 
• Metabolism: Thiazide diuretics, including cyclopenthiazide, are not extensively metabolized in the liver. They undergo minimal hepatic metabolism, and the parent drug is primarily excreted unchanged or as inactive metabolites. 
• Excretion: The primary route of excretion for cyclopenthiazide is through the kidneys. The drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in the urine. Renal excretion is a crucial aspect of the pharmacokinetics of thiazide diuretics, as it contributes to their diuretic effects. Thiazide diuretics typically have a short half-life, requiring multiple daily doses for sustained therapeutic effects. 

Adminstartion

Administration: 

• Dosage: The dose will be depend on the condition being treated, the patient’s overall health, and other factors. It is important to take the prescribed amount as directed by the healthcare provider. 
• Frequency: cyclopenthiazide is often taken once daily, preferably in the morning, to minimize the potential for increased urination during the night. 
• Administration with Food: cyclopenthiazide can be taken with or without food. However, taking it with food may help reduce stomach upset. 
• Hydration: It is essential to maintain adequate hydration while using thiazide diuretics. Patients should drink enough fluids, unless otherwise advised by their healthcare provider, to help prevent dehydration. 
• Consistent Timing: To maintain a consistent level of the medication in the bloodstream, it is advisable to take cyclopenthiazide at the same time each day. 

Patient Information Leaflet

Patient information leaflet 

Generic Name: cyclopenthiazide 

Pronounced: (sye-klo-pen-THYE-a-zide)  

Why do we use cyclopenthiazide? 

cyclopenthiazide is a thiazide diuretic medication commonly used for the treatment of conditions associated with fluid retention and elevated blood pressure. cyclopenthiazide is prescribed to manage essential hypertension (primary hypertension) by promoting diuresis (increased urine production) and reducing blood volume, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.

Thiazide diuretics, including cyclopenthiazide, are employed to address edema (fluid retention) associated with various conditions, such as congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and renal dysfunction. Thiazide diuretics may be used to prevent the formation of kidney stones by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine. In some cases, thiazide diuretics are utilized to manage diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination.