Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Advil, Motrin, PediaCare Infant's Fever Reducer IB / Pain Reliever, PediaCare Children's Fever Reducer IB / Pain Reliever 
Synonyms :
ibuprofen
Class :
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 
Brand Name :
Advil, Motrin, PediaCare Infant's Fever Reducer IB / Pain Reliever, PediaCare Children's Fever Reducer IB / Pain Reliever 
Synonyms :
ibuprofen
Class :
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 
Dosage Forms & Strengths Â
oral suspension Â
40mg/mL Â
100mg/5mL Â
capsule Â
200mg Â
Chewable, tablet Â
100mg Â
50mg Â
tablet Â
800mg (Rx) Â
600mg (Rx) Â
400mg (Rx) Â
200mg Â
100mg Â
Over the counter: 200-400 mg orally every 4-6hours; should not exceed more than 1200 mg unless prescribed by doctor
Prescription: 400-800 mg orally every 6hours; should not exceed more than 3200 mg daily
400-800 mg orally every 6-8 hours; should not exceed more than 3200 mg daily
800 mg, 600 mg, 400 mg, or 300 mg orally every 6-8 hours; should not exceed more than 3200 mg daily
800 mg, 600 mg, 400 mg, or 300 mg orally every 6-8 hours; should not exceed more than 3200 mg daily
Dose Adjustments
Dosage Modifications
Renal function is significantly impaired: Monitor closely and consider lowering the dosage if necessary
Avoid use in those with severe hepatic impairment
Dosage Forms & Strengths Â
oral suspension Â
40mg/mL Â
100mg/5mL Â
capsule Â
200mg Â
Chewable, tablet Â
100mg Â
50mg Â
tablet Â
800mg (Rx) Â
600mg (Rx) Â
400mg (Rx) Â
200mg Â
100mg Â
Below 6 months
Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 6 months
5-10 mg/kg/dose Orally every 6-8 hours; should not exceed more than 40 mg/kg daily or 400 mg/dose
4-10 mg/kg/dose Orally every 6-8 hours is given for pain; should not exceed more than 40 mg/kg daily
Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisÂ
30-50 mg/kg daily Orally divided every 8 hours; should not exceed more than 2.4 g/day
Below 4 yrs: Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 4 yrs: oral administration every 12 hours, adjusted to keep serum levels between 50 and 100 mcg/mL; may slow or stop disease development in younger individuals with the mild lung disease
(off-label):
Below 4 yrs: Safety and efficacy were not established
Above 4 yrs: oral administration every 12 hours, adjusted to keep serum levels between 50 and 100 mcg/mL; may slow or stop disease development in younger individuals with the mild lung disease
Refer to the adult dosing regimen Â
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with imatinib
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with pemetrexed
interaction with NSAIDs may lead to increased toxicity such as myelosuppression, renal toxicity, and GI toxicity
interaction with NSAIDs may lead to increased toxicity such as myelosuppression, renal toxicity, and GI toxicity
the toxicity of either of the drugs is increased due to pharmacokinetic synergism
the efficacy of aspirin rectal may be decreased by ibuprofen
It may enhance the toxicity when combined with mipomersen
Combining Ibuprofen with pranlukast may cause a reduction in the Ibuprofen’s metabolism
When loracarbef is used together with ibuprofen, the risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity is enhanced
When ibuprofen is used together with sertraline, the risk or seriousness of bleeding may be enhanced
When ibuprofen is used together with bufexamac, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse outcomes
ibuprofen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of nitric oxide, which leads to an increased level of serum
When ibuprofen is used together with nifenazone, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When ibuprofen is used together with adenine, this leads to a reduction in the ibuprofen’s metabolism
When ibuprofen is used together with diazoxide, this leads to reduction in therapeutic effectiveness of diazoxide
it may decrease the excretion of CYP3A inhibitors
it may decrease the excretion of CYP3A inhibitors
it may decrease the excretion of CYP3A inhibitors
it may decrease the excretion of CYP3A inhibitors
it may decrease the excretion of CYP3A inhibitors
glycopyrrolate inhaled and formoterolÂ
may decrease the toxic effects of each other by sedation
may enhance the risk of angioedema when combined with Ibuprofen
the toxicity of either of the drugs is increased due to pharmacokinetic synergism
by altering metabolism, the levels of ibuprofen may be reduced
piperacillin will increase the effect of ibuprofen IV by acidic drug competition.
when both drugs combine ibuprofen decreases the activity of melphalan.
sulfamethoxazole increases the effect of ibuprofen by altering hepatic CYP2C9/10 enzyme metabolism
Actions and spectrumÂ
Ibuprofen is as non-selective COX inhibitors, which means that it affects both COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme. COX-2 inhibitors decrease the formation of prostaglandin that acts as an inflammatory mediator which also cause pain, fever and swelling. However, selective inhibition of COX-1 is responsible for side effects of ibuprofen such as gastrointestinal ulceration.Â
Frequency defined Â
1-10% Â
Epigastric pain (3-9%) Â
Dizziness (3-9%) Â
Heartburn (3-9%) Â
Nausea (3-9%) Â
Tinnitus (3-9%) Â
Rash (3-9%) Â
Constipation (1-3%)  Â
<1% Â
Agranulocytosis Â
Erythema multiforme Â
Exfoliative dermatitis Â
Neutropenia Â
Toxic epidermal necrolysis Â
Aplastic anemia Â
Erythematous rashes Â
 Black Box Warning: Â
It may increase the risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Â
It can cause ulceration, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and perforation of the stomach or intestines which can be fatal.  Â
Contraindication/Caution: Â
Contraindication: Â
Caution: Â
Pregnancy/Lactation Â
Pregnancy consideration: US FDA pregnancy category: Not assigned Â
Lactation: ibuprofen is considered safe to use while breastfeeding, as only small amounts are excreted in breast milk. Â
Pregnancy category: Â
PharmacologyÂ
ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is selective for the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2). These enzymes synthesise prostaglandins that are believed to cause inflammation, pain and fever. It is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug that has pain relieving, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect because they interfere with the biosynthesis of prostaglandins by acting as inhibitors of COX enzymes.Â
PharmacodynamicsÂ
It inhibits the production of prostaglandins by COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition which is one of the many ways it acts in several inflammatory pathways. Both peripheral and central nervous system areas experience pain alleviation, which influences how pain is transmitted through the dorsal horn and spinothalamic tract. Â
PharmacokineticsÂ
AbsorptionÂ
Rate: Rapidly absorbed (85%)Â
Bioavailability: 80 to 100%.Â
Onset: Within 30 to 60 minutes.Â
Duration: Lasts 4 to 6 hours.Â
Peak Plasma TimeÂ
AdultsÂ
Conventional tablet: 120 minutes.Â
Chewable tablet: 62 minutes.Â
Oral suspension: 47 minutes.Â
Febrile ChildrenÂ
Chewable tablet: 86 minutes.Â
Oral suspension: 58 minutes.Â
Peak Plasma Concentration:Â
Conventional tablet: 20 mcg/mL.Â
Chewable tablet: 15 mcg/mL.Â
Oral suspension: 19 mcg/mL.Â
DistributionÂ
Protein Binding: 90-99%; concentrations >20 mcg/mL.Â
Volume of Distribution (Vd):Â
Adults: 0. 12 L/kg.Â
Children: 0. 164 L/kg.Â
MetabolismÂ
It is metabolized in the liver at a very fast rate, mainly by CYP2C9 enzyme; it is also metabolized by CYP2C19 by oxidation into inactive products.Â
Metabolites:Â
Metabolite A: Of these three the formula is I-(+)-2-[4’-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) phenyl] propionic acid.Â
Metabolite B: 2-[4-(2-carboxypropyl)phenyl]propionic acid, also known as ( + ) -2-[4 ’- (2-carboxypropyl)phenyl propionic acid.Â
Elimination/ExcretionÂ
Half-life:Â
Adults: 2 to 4 hoursÂ
Children (3 months to 1 year): 1. 6 hoursÂ
Children (day 3): 35 to 51 hoursÂ
Children (day 5): They spend between 20 to 33 hours in clinical practice each week. Mostly in the urine (50-60 %); less than 10% as the unchanged drug; the rest appeared in the feces within 24 hours.Â
AdministrationÂ
It is administered orally or topicallyÂ
Patient information leaflet Â
Generic Name: ibuprofen Â
Pronounced: EYE-bue-PROE-fen Â
Why do we use ibuprofen? Â
Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory drug that can be prescribed for inflammatory conditions, rheumatic diseases, pain, fever, menstrual pain and osteoarthritis.Â
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