Chronic bronchitis is a condition of an obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by a productive cough lasting more than three months and occurring within two years.
Patients often appear with a prolonged productive cough, lethargy, and excessive coughing, often accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain.
Epidemiology
According to studies, 3-7% of healthy individuals in the overall population have chronic bronchitis. It is established that, compared to healthy subjects, subjects under 50 with chronic bronchitis are at more significant mortality and morbidity risk.
Chronic bronchitis is more common with advancing age, smoking tobacco, occupationally exposure to chemicals, and higher socioeconomic background.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Goblet cells produce and secrete excessive amounts of mucus, which is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis. When exposed to harmful or infectious stimuli, the epithelial cells in the airway release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 8, colony-stimulating factor, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Additionally, there is a decline in the secretion of regulatory substances, including neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzymes. In chronic bronchitis, the alveolar epithelium is both a target and a source of inflammation. The bronchial mucosal membrane is often hyperemic and edematous, with decreased bronchial mucociliary function during an acute exacerbation.
Luminal blockage to smaller airways obstructs airflow. The discomfort is aggravated further when debris blocks the airways. The excessive mucus secretion in chronic bronchitis causes the characteristic bronchitis cough.
Etiology
Exposure to tobacco smoke from active smoking or passive inhalation is the primary causative agent. Smog, industrial pollutants, and hazardous chemicals are a few respiratory system irritants that can induce chronic bronchitis when inhaled. Although bacterial and viral infections typically result in acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis can also be brought on by persistent infection exposure.
Influenza types A and B are the most common viruses that cause the disease, and Mycoplasma pneumonia Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, are the most common bacteria.
People with a history of respiratory conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis are more likely to develop chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is more likely to develop in individuals exposed to airborne contaminants such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or dust. Although less common, chronic gastroesophageal reflux is a well-studied cause of bronchitis.
Genetics
Prognostic Factors
It is well established possessing chronic bronchitis can aggravate airflow restriction and impair pulmonary function. Extensive epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between decreased FEV1 and persistent mucus hypersecretion. Compared to the population without symptoms, patients had a threefold higher risk of getting new COPD.
Mortality rates increase with chronic bronchitis. Serum IL8 and CRP levels were more significant in chronic bronchitis patients, indicating that a systemic inflammatory response might enhance the risk of heart disease and other comorbidities. Lower quality of life is also a result of chronic bronchitis.
In the case of mild/moderate infections: 500 mg orally every 12 hours or 400 mg intravenously every 12 hours for 7-14 days
In the case of severe/complicated infections: 750 mg orally every 12 hours or 400 mg intravenously every 8 hours for 7-14 days
Limitations for usage: Reserve the fluoroquinolones for patients who are voided of available treatment options for chronic bronchitis
Indicated for Cancer, skin sores, asthma, bronchitis :
4 mg of flower tops orally three times a day
Or
4 gm of flower tops in 150 ml of water;1 cup of tea orally three times a day
Or
1.5-3 ml of liquid extract orally three times a day;1:1 in 25% alcohol
1-2 ml of tincture orally three times a day;1:10 in 45% alcohol
Indicated for Cancer, skin sores, asthma, bronchitis :
4 mg of flower tops orally three times a day
Or
4 gm of flower tops in 150 ml of water;1 cup of tea orally three times a day
Or
1.5-3 ml of liquid extract orally three times a day;1:1 in 25% alcohol
1-2 ml of tincture orally three times a day;1:10 in 45% alcohol
Indicated for Chronic bronchitis
400 mg to 600 mg orally one time a day for nearly 10 days
Community-acquired pneumonia
600 mg orally one time a day for nearly 10 days
Uncomplicated gonorrhea
400 mg orally one time
Cervicitis or Nongonococcal urethritis
400 mg orally one time a day for nearly 7 days
5 ml of this drug every 3 to 5 hours is recommended, which should be at most 30 ml daily This drug is used for treating bronchial congestion and bronchospasm, which are associated with acute and chronic bronchitis
It is mostly recommended for respiratory tract infections, chronic bronchitis, and urinary tract infections
The usual recommended single dose per week only once is 2 g via oral administration
Dose Adjustments
Reduction in dosage is needed depending upon the condition
Liquid Extract
Administer 0.3ml to 1.0 ml orally thrice a day;60% ethanol
Topical Mouthwash
Administer 6g dried herb with 150 ml water. Rinse thrice or twice a day
Rhizome/Dried root/Tea
Administer 0.5 to 1g orally thrice a day
Tincture
Administer 2 to 4 ml orally thrice a day;60% ethanol
45 mg/kg daily divided in doses for every 12hrs or 40 mg/kg per day in divided doses for every 8hrs
Community-acquired pneumonia (Off-label use)
<3 months: Safety and effectiveness have not been established Age: ≥3 months
immediate release (IR):
Empirical treatment:
90 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
Group A Streptococcus:
50-75 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
H. influenza:
75-100 mg/kg/day orally, divided 3 times a day 10 days
maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
S. pneumoniae:
90 mg/kg/day orally, divided 2 times a day 10 days or 45 mg/kg/day divided 2 times a day 10 days maximum daily dose should not exceed 4,000 mg
Chronic bronchitis is a condition of an obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by a productive cough lasting more than three months and occurring within two years.
Patients often appear with a prolonged productive cough, lethargy, and excessive coughing, often accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain.
According to studies, 3-7% of healthy individuals in the overall population have chronic bronchitis. It is established that, compared to healthy subjects, subjects under 50 with chronic bronchitis are at more significant mortality and morbidity risk.
Chronic bronchitis is more common with advancing age, smoking tobacco, occupationally exposure to chemicals, and higher socioeconomic background.
Goblet cells produce and secrete excessive amounts of mucus, which is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis. When exposed to harmful or infectious stimuli, the epithelial cells in the airway release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 8, colony-stimulating factor, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Additionally, there is a decline in the secretion of regulatory substances, including neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzymes. In chronic bronchitis, the alveolar epithelium is both a target and a source of inflammation. The bronchial mucosal membrane is often hyperemic and edematous, with decreased bronchial mucociliary function during an acute exacerbation.
Luminal blockage to smaller airways obstructs airflow. The discomfort is aggravated further when debris blocks the airways. The excessive mucus secretion in chronic bronchitis causes the characteristic bronchitis cough.
Exposure to tobacco smoke from active smoking or passive inhalation is the primary causative agent. Smog, industrial pollutants, and hazardous chemicals are a few respiratory system irritants that can induce chronic bronchitis when inhaled. Although bacterial and viral infections typically result in acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis can also be brought on by persistent infection exposure.
Influenza types A and B are the most common viruses that cause the disease, and Mycoplasma pneumonia Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, are the most common bacteria.
People with a history of respiratory conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis are more likely to develop chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is more likely to develop in individuals exposed to airborne contaminants such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or dust. Although less common, chronic gastroesophageal reflux is a well-studied cause of bronchitis.
It is well established possessing chronic bronchitis can aggravate airflow restriction and impair pulmonary function. Extensive epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between decreased FEV1 and persistent mucus hypersecretion. Compared to the population without symptoms, patients had a threefold higher risk of getting new COPD.
Mortality rates increase with chronic bronchitis. Serum IL8 and CRP levels were more significant in chronic bronchitis patients, indicating that a systemic inflammatory response might enhance the risk of heart disease and other comorbidities. Lower quality of life is also a result of chronic bronchitis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/
medtigo
Chronic Bronchitis
Updated :
June 24, 2024
Chronic bronchitis is a condition of an obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by a productive cough lasting more than three months and occurring within two years.
Patients often appear with a prolonged productive cough, lethargy, and excessive coughing, often accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain.
According to studies, 3-7% of healthy individuals in the overall population have chronic bronchitis. It is established that, compared to healthy subjects, subjects under 50 with chronic bronchitis are at more significant mortality and morbidity risk.
Chronic bronchitis is more common with advancing age, smoking tobacco, occupationally exposure to chemicals, and higher socioeconomic background.
Goblet cells produce and secrete excessive amounts of mucus, which is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis. When exposed to harmful or infectious stimuli, the epithelial cells in the airway release inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 8, colony-stimulating factor, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Additionally, there is a decline in the secretion of regulatory substances, including neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzymes. In chronic bronchitis, the alveolar epithelium is both a target and a source of inflammation. The bronchial mucosal membrane is often hyperemic and edematous, with decreased bronchial mucociliary function during an acute exacerbation.
Luminal blockage to smaller airways obstructs airflow. The discomfort is aggravated further when debris blocks the airways. The excessive mucus secretion in chronic bronchitis causes the characteristic bronchitis cough.
Exposure to tobacco smoke from active smoking or passive inhalation is the primary causative agent. Smog, industrial pollutants, and hazardous chemicals are a few respiratory system irritants that can induce chronic bronchitis when inhaled. Although bacterial and viral infections typically result in acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis can also be brought on by persistent infection exposure.
Influenza types A and B are the most common viruses that cause the disease, and Mycoplasma pneumonia Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, are the most common bacteria.
People with a history of respiratory conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiectasis are more likely to develop chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is more likely to develop in individuals exposed to airborne contaminants such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or dust. Although less common, chronic gastroesophageal reflux is a well-studied cause of bronchitis.
It is well established possessing chronic bronchitis can aggravate airflow restriction and impair pulmonary function. Extensive epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between decreased FEV1 and persistent mucus hypersecretion. Compared to the population without symptoms, patients had a threefold higher risk of getting new COPD.
Mortality rates increase with chronic bronchitis. Serum IL8 and CRP levels were more significant in chronic bronchitis patients, indicating that a systemic inflammatory response might enhance the risk of heart disease and other comorbidities. Lower quality of life is also a result of chronic bronchitis.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482437/
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