GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition defined by the reflux of stomach contents in the esophagus. It can develop itself as either erosive esophagitis or non-erosive reflux disease.
Heartburn and regurgitation complaints are the most common GERD indications. It may also exhibit unusual extra-esophageal symptoms such as chest pain, tooth erosions, a persistent cough, laryngitis, or asthma.
Epidemiology
It is the most widespread gastrointestinal condition, affecting 20% of adults in western countries. In the US, prevalence is estimated from 18.1-27.8%. Since more people have access to over-the-counter acid-neutralizing medications, the actual prevalence of this condition may be higher.
Men are more vulnerable than women to GERD. However, men have a greater incidence of Barrett’s esophagus than women with long-lasting GERD symptoms.
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology is diverse and is implied by the multiple mechanisms which impact the lower esophageal sphincter’s tone, esophageal motility, and the esophageal mucosa’s protection against refluxate.
Defective esophageal peristalsis
Healthy esophageal peristalsis usually clears the acidic gastric contents that reach the esophagus and neutralizes them with salivary bicarbonate. The esophageal peristalsis is disrupted in GERD patients, which results in poor gastric reflux clearance, mucosal erosion, and severe reflux symptoms.
Impaired esophageal mucosal defense against the gastric refluxate
The esophageal mucosa comprises various structural and functional components that serve as a defense barrier against the luminal chemicals that individuals with GERD encounter.
Long-term exposure to the refluxate, which contains both acidic gastric contents like pepsin and hydrochloric acid and alkaline duodenal contents like pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, compromises this protective barrier and causes mucosal injury.
It is unknown whether gastroparesis affects GERD. GERD symptoms are thought to be triggered by delayed stomach emptying because it causes gastric distention and increases exposure to gastric refluxate.
Etiology
Numerous risk factors have been discovered and linked to the development of GERD over time. The cause of GERD includes motor aberrations like esophageal dysmotility, which impairs esophageal acid clearance, damage to lower esophageal sphincter tone, delayed stomach emptying, and transitory relaxation.
An increased chance of developing GERD is related to anatomical variables such as the development of a hiatal hernia or an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, as seen in obesity. Obesity is linked to an increased risk of erosive esophagitis, esophageal cancer, and GERD symptoms.
Age 50 years, tobacco use, low socioeconomic status, excessive alcohol consumption, pregnancy, postprandial supination, connective tissue disorders, and various drug classes, such as benzodiazepines, NSAID, anticholinergic drugs, nitroglycerin, aspirin, albuterol, antidepressants, and calcium channel blockers, glucagon, have also been independently linked to the development of GERD symptoms.
10 mg taken orally four times daily, specifically 15 minutes prior to meals and before going to bed
If necessary, the dosage may be maximized up to 20 mg per dose
Age>1 year: The oral dosage is 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/ dose, to be administered 3 to 4 times daily
The maximum dose per administration should not exceed 10 mg
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References
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
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GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition defined by the reflux of stomach contents in the esophagus. It can develop itself as either erosive esophagitis or non-erosive reflux disease.
Heartburn and regurgitation complaints are the most common GERD indications. It may also exhibit unusual extra-esophageal symptoms such as chest pain, tooth erosions, a persistent cough, laryngitis, or asthma.
It is the most widespread gastrointestinal condition, affecting 20% of adults in western countries. In the US, prevalence is estimated from 18.1-27.8%. Since more people have access to over-the-counter acid-neutralizing medications, the actual prevalence of this condition may be higher.
Men are more vulnerable than women to GERD. However, men have a greater incidence of Barrett’s esophagus than women with long-lasting GERD symptoms.
The pathophysiology is diverse and is implied by the multiple mechanisms which impact the lower esophageal sphincter’s tone, esophageal motility, and the esophageal mucosa’s protection against refluxate.
Defective esophageal peristalsis
Healthy esophageal peristalsis usually clears the acidic gastric contents that reach the esophagus and neutralizes them with salivary bicarbonate. The esophageal peristalsis is disrupted in GERD patients, which results in poor gastric reflux clearance, mucosal erosion, and severe reflux symptoms.
Impaired esophageal mucosal defense against the gastric refluxate
The esophageal mucosa comprises various structural and functional components that serve as a defense barrier against the luminal chemicals that individuals with GERD encounter.
Long-term exposure to the refluxate, which contains both acidic gastric contents like pepsin and hydrochloric acid and alkaline duodenal contents like pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, compromises this protective barrier and causes mucosal injury.
It is unknown whether gastroparesis affects GERD. GERD symptoms are thought to be triggered by delayed stomach emptying because it causes gastric distention and increases exposure to gastric refluxate.
Numerous risk factors have been discovered and linked to the development of GERD over time. The cause of GERD includes motor aberrations like esophageal dysmotility, which impairs esophageal acid clearance, damage to lower esophageal sphincter tone, delayed stomach emptying, and transitory relaxation.
An increased chance of developing GERD is related to anatomical variables such as the development of a hiatal hernia or an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, as seen in obesity. Obesity is linked to an increased risk of erosive esophagitis, esophageal cancer, and GERD symptoms.
Age 50 years, tobacco use, low socioeconomic status, excessive alcohol consumption, pregnancy, postprandial supination, connective tissue disorders, and various drug classes, such as benzodiazepines, NSAID, anticholinergic drugs, nitroglycerin, aspirin, albuterol, antidepressants, and calcium channel blockers, glucagon, have also been independently linked to the development of GERD symptoms.
10 mg taken orally four times daily, specifically 15 minutes prior to meals and before going to bed
If necessary, the dosage may be maximized up to 20 mg per dose
Age>1 year: The oral dosage is 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/ dose, to be administered 3 to 4 times daily
The maximum dose per administration should not exceed 10 mg
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
medtigo
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Updated :
August 24, 2023
GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition defined by the reflux of stomach contents in the esophagus. It can develop itself as either erosive esophagitis or non-erosive reflux disease.
Heartburn and regurgitation complaints are the most common GERD indications. It may also exhibit unusual extra-esophageal symptoms such as chest pain, tooth erosions, a persistent cough, laryngitis, or asthma.
It is the most widespread gastrointestinal condition, affecting 20% of adults in western countries. In the US, prevalence is estimated from 18.1-27.8%. Since more people have access to over-the-counter acid-neutralizing medications, the actual prevalence of this condition may be higher.
Men are more vulnerable than women to GERD. However, men have a greater incidence of Barrett’s esophagus than women with long-lasting GERD symptoms.
The pathophysiology is diverse and is implied by the multiple mechanisms which impact the lower esophageal sphincter’s tone, esophageal motility, and the esophageal mucosa’s protection against refluxate.
Defective esophageal peristalsis
Healthy esophageal peristalsis usually clears the acidic gastric contents that reach the esophagus and neutralizes them with salivary bicarbonate. The esophageal peristalsis is disrupted in GERD patients, which results in poor gastric reflux clearance, mucosal erosion, and severe reflux symptoms.
Impaired esophageal mucosal defense against the gastric refluxate
The esophageal mucosa comprises various structural and functional components that serve as a defense barrier against the luminal chemicals that individuals with GERD encounter.
Long-term exposure to the refluxate, which contains both acidic gastric contents like pepsin and hydrochloric acid and alkaline duodenal contents like pancreatic enzymes and bile salts, compromises this protective barrier and causes mucosal injury.
It is unknown whether gastroparesis affects GERD. GERD symptoms are thought to be triggered by delayed stomach emptying because it causes gastric distention and increases exposure to gastric refluxate.
Numerous risk factors have been discovered and linked to the development of GERD over time. The cause of GERD includes motor aberrations like esophageal dysmotility, which impairs esophageal acid clearance, damage to lower esophageal sphincter tone, delayed stomach emptying, and transitory relaxation.
An increased chance of developing GERD is related to anatomical variables such as the development of a hiatal hernia or an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, as seen in obesity. Obesity is linked to an increased risk of erosive esophagitis, esophageal cancer, and GERD symptoms.
Age 50 years, tobacco use, low socioeconomic status, excessive alcohol consumption, pregnancy, postprandial supination, connective tissue disorders, and various drug classes, such as benzodiazepines, NSAID, anticholinergic drugs, nitroglycerin, aspirin, albuterol, antidepressants, and calcium channel blockers, glucagon, have also been independently linked to the development of GERD symptoms.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
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