Indoor Tanning and Melanoma Risk: Molecular and Epidemiological Evidence
December 29, 2025
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Brand Name :
Likmez
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
metronidazole
Class :
Antidiarrheal drugs; Antimicrobials, Antiprotozoal Nitroimidazoles
Brand Name :
Likmez
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
metronidazole
Class :
Antidiarrheal drugs; Antimicrobials, Antiprotozoal Nitroimidazoles
Dosage forms & Strengths
Tablet
250 mg
500 mg
Capsule
375 mg
Extended-Release Tablet
750 mg
Infusion solution
500 mg/100 ml
Indicated for Anaerobic Bacterial Infection
15 mg/kg can be given intravenously but should not exceed 4 gm per day
Indicated for Anaerobic Bacterial Infection
15 mg/kg can be given intravenously but should not exceed 4 gm per day
Indicated for Anaerobic Bacterial Infection
15 mg/kg can be given intravenously but should not exceed 4 gm per day
Indicated for Anaerobic Bacterial Infection
15 mg/kg can be given intravenously but should not exceed 4 gm per day
500 mg per oral two times daily for seven days
if taking a single dose, 2 gm oral should be the dose per day
250 mg of the drug to be taken orally every 8 hours for 7 days
if taking a single dose, 2 gm oral should be the dose per day
500 mg of the drug to be taken orally every 12 hours for 5 to 10 days
500 mg per orally every 12 hours for 14 days in combination with levofloxacin or ofloxacin
500 mg per orally every 12 hours for 14 days in combination with levofloxacin or ofloxacin
500 mg per orally every 12 hours for 14 days in combination with levofloxacin or ofloxacin
500 mg per orally every 12 hours for 14 days in combination with levofloxacin or ofloxacin
In the case of sexual assault, to prevent STDs, the dose can be 2 gm per orally as a single dosage
500 mg per oral two times daily for seven days
if taking a single dose, 2 gm oral should be the dose per day
Colorectal Infection After Surgery
1 gm orally every 6 to 8 hours for three doses
Colorectal Infection After Surgery
1 gm orally every 6 to 8 hours for three doses
Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Colitis
30 mg/kg per day is given intravenously or orally for 7 to 10 days
Dosage forms and strengths
Tablet
250 mg
500 mg
Capsule
375 mg
Extended-Release Tablet
750 mg
Infusion solution
500 mg/100 ml
35-50 mg/kg orally every 8 hours for 10 days
15 mg/kg per day intravenously or orally every 8 hours for 5 days
For body weight <45 kg- 15 mg/kg orally or intravenously every 8 hours for 7 days
Do not exceed the dose of more than 2 gm/day
Indicated for peptic ulcer from Helicobacter Pylori
(Off-label)
metronidazole in combination with bismuth subsalicylate and amoxicillin at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg per day every 12 hours for 4 weeks
Indicated for peptic ulcer from Helicobacter Pylori
(Off-label)
metronidazole in combination with bismuth subsalicylate and amoxicillin at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg per day every 12 hours for 4 weeks
Indicated for peptic ulcer from Helicobacter Pylori
(Off-label)
metronidazole in combination with bismuth subsalicylate and amoxicillin at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg per day every 12 hours for 4 weeks
Refer to the adult dosing
metronidazole enhances the effect of avapritinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of bosutinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
it increases the toxicity of metronidazole by reducing metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of fentanyl by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of neratinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of ranolazine by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of sirolimus by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of venetoclax by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
may enhance the plasma concentration of fluorouracil-derived products
may increase the toxic effect of propylene glycol-containing products
may increase the level by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism
may increase the level by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism
may increase the level by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism
may increase the level by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of acalabrutinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of budesonide by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of cannabidiol by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole reduces the effect of estradiol by altering gut flora
metronidazole enhances the effect of finerenone by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of indinavir by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of lefamulin by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of nicardipine by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of pazopanib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of tezacaftor by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of flibanserin by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of zanubrutinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increased effect of cabozantinib by affecting hepatic or intestinal enzyme cyp3a4 metabolism
the toxicity of fluorouracil is increased by metronidazole via decreasing elimination
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increased effect of ivosidenib by affecting hepatic or intestinal enzyme cyp3a4 metabolism
metronidazole increases the effect of lapatinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
it enhances by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP2C9 metabolism
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Glycopeptides
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Glycopeptides
metronidazole enhances the effect of ethanol by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP2E1 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of fluvastatin by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP2C9/10 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of itraconazole by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of nifedipine by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of parecoxib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of quinine by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
metronidazole enhances the effect of zaleplon by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
may increase the level by affecting the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism
Action:
Metronidazole is effective against organisms that are anaerobic in nature, that is they do not live in an oxygenated environment. It arrests their DNA synthesis thus causing cell death.
It also has activity against protozoa that are giardiasis and trichomoniasis. It affects their DNA, and this prevents them from flourishing and reproducing, hence impeding their growth.
Frequency not defined
Appetite loss
Candidiasis
Diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
Ataxia
Dark urine
Hypersensitivity
Neutropenia
Pancreatitis
Seizures
Thrombophlebitis
Xerostomia
Encephalopathy
Aseptic meningitis
Optic neuropathy
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Decreased libido
Reports from animal studies show possibility of carcinogenicity.
Hypersensitivity
Blood Disorders
Pregnancy
Caution:
Liver disease
Seizure disorder
Pregnancy consideration:
Metronidazole crosses the placenta and may affect fetal organ development
Pregnant females should consult the physician before taking medicine as the potential benefits should outweigh the potential risks
Breastfeeding warnings: Metronidazole gets secreted in breastmilk. Hence, lactating females should not breastfeed during the medication
Breastfeeding should be recontinued 2 days after the last dose of metronidazole
Pregnancy category:
Category A: Satisfactory and well-controlled studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.
Category B: There is no affirmation of risk to the fetus found in animal reproduction studies, and there are not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: Adverse effects on the fetus found with evidence in animal reproduction studies and no adequate evidence for a product in humans; Pregnant women must take care of the potential risks.
Category D: There is adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms. However, despite potential dangers may be used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh risks over benefits. The drug is not for pregnant women.
Category N: No data is available for the drug under this category.
Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal agent.
Pharmacodynamics:
Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal drug which inhibits DNA synthesis in susceptible organisms especially the anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It enters in bacterial cells and there it is reduced by intracellular reductase of the nitro group of this antibiotic.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
The peak plasma time is capsule is 1.4 to 1.6 hours.
The peak plasma time for tablet is 1 to 2 hours.
The peak plasma time for oral solution is 0.25 to 6 hours.
Distribution
The drug has 20% protein binding capacity.
Metabolism
Liver metabolism involves oxidation and glucuronide conjugation, forming an active hydroxyl metabolite effective against microbes.
Excretion and Elimination
The clearance rate is 10 hours orally.
The drug is mainly excreted through urine 60 to 80 % and feces 6 to 15%.
The elimination half life of tablet or capsule is 8 hours.
The elimination half life of oral solution is 10 hours.
Oral tablets/capsules: To minimise upset stomach, they are usually taken with meals. Observe your physician’s recommendations on dose and timing.
IV Administration: For more serious infections, given gradually over a period of time in a hospital settings.
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: Metronidazole
Pronounced: me-troe-NI-da-zole
Why do we use Metronidazole?
It acts on treating bacterial infections that affect the gastrointestinal tract, skin, bones and respiratory system.
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