Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
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Brand Name :
Antepar, Avizine
Synonyms :
piperazine
Class :
Anthelmintics
Brand Name :
Antepar, Avizine
Synonyms :
piperazine
Class :
Anthelmintics
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Suspension Â
600 mg/5 mlÂ
Solution Â
20 gmÂ
Syrup Â
15 gmÂ
Take a dose of 1.8 gm orally every four hours for a total of three doses daily
This treatment may be repeated in two weeks
Take a dose of 3.5 gm orally daily for consecutive two days
This treatment may be repeated in one week
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Suspension Â
600 mg/5 mlÂ
Solution Â
20 gmÂ
Syrup Â
15 gmÂ
for 2 years old:
Take a dose of 600 mg orally in every four hours for a total of three doses daily
for 2 to 8 years old:
Take a dose of 1.2 gm orally in every six hours for a total of two doses daily
for 8 to 14 years old:
Take a dose of 1.2 gm orally in every four hours for a total of three doses daily
Refer to adult dosingÂ
piperazine: it may increase the risk of methemoglobinemia associated agents
piperazine: it may increase the risk of methemoglobinemia associated agents
piperazine: it may increase the risk of methemoglobinemia associated agents
piperazine: it may increase the risk of methemoglobinemia associated agents
piperazine: it may increase the risk of methemoglobinemia associated agents
When encainide is used together with piperazine, this leads to a reduction in the encainide’s metabolism
acarbose: it may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of piperazine
acebutolol: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
acetaminophen: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
acetohexamide: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
albiglutide: it may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of piperazine
bepridil: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
berotralstat: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
betaxolol: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
bexagliflozin: it may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of piperazine
biperiden: it may increase the metabolism of piperazine
bortezomib: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
abatacept: it may increase the metabolism of pipotiazine
Actions and SpectrumÂ
piperazine is a GABA receptor agonist. It binds directly and specifically to the GABA receptors on muscle membranes and leading to the hyperpolarization of nerve endings and the worm’s flaccid paralysis. The worm is paralysed, but regular intestinal peristalsis causes it to be displaced from the intestinal lumen and removed live from the body. Â
Frequency not defined Â
Blurred visionÂ
NystagmusÂ
NauseaÂ
VomitingÂ
Diarrhea Â
Abdominal pain Â
Hypersensitivity reactions Â
AtaxiaÂ
HeadacheÂ
DizzinessÂ
Drowsiness Â
Myoclonic contractions Â
Choreiform movementsÂ
TremorÂ
Seizure Â
Hyporeflexia Â
ConfusionÂ
Black Box WarningÂ
None
Contraindication/Caution:Â
Contraindication:Â
Caution:Â
Pregnancy consideration:Â
Pregnancy category: N/AÂ
Lactation: Excretion into human milk is unknown Â
Pregnancy Categories:        Â
Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.Â
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women. Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category.Â
Pharmacology Â
piperazine leads to the hyperpolarization of the muscle cell membrane, preventing the normal transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions.Â
PharmacodynamicsÂ
piperazine binds with GABA receptors which are located on the muscle cells of parasitic worms. These receptors are involved in regulating the transmission of nerve signals within the parasite’s nervous system.Â
PharmacokineticsÂ
Absorption  Â
piperazine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Â
DistributionÂ
piperazine is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream.Â
MetabolismÂ
piperazine undergoes minimal metabolism in the body. Â
Elimination and excretionÂ
piperazine is excreted from the body through the renal route.Â
AdministrationÂ
piperazine is administered orally and is available in forms like solution, syrup, and liquid suspensions.
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: piperazineÂ
Why do we use piperazine?Â
piperazine is used to treat intestinal parasitic infections, particularly roundworms and pinworms.Â
piperazine is also used to treat partial intestinal obstruction by the common roundworm, a condition primarily occurring in children.Â
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