Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Micronefrin, S2 Inhlant, Asthmanefrin, Nephron
Synonyms :
Racepinephrine, epinephrine racemic
Class :
Bronchodilators/ adrenergic agonists
Brand Name :
Micronefrin, S2 Inhlant, Asthmanefrin, Nephron
Synonyms :
Racepinephrine, epinephrine racemic
Class :
Bronchodilators/ adrenergic agonists
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Solution for inhalationÂ
2.25%Â
1-3 inhalations, 0.5ml of 2.25% solution using a breathe atomizer
Max. dose: 12 inhalations per day
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Solution for inhalationÂ
2.25%Â
Safety and efficacy study for children under four years of age is not established
For children of 4 years and above:
1-3 inhalations, 0.5ml of 2.25% solution using a jet nebulizer
Max. dose: 12 inhalations per day
Refer to adult dosingÂ
When racepinephrine is used together with mebhydrolin, racepinephrine’s therapeutic effectiveness can be enhanced
the therapeutic activity of acebutolol may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the risk of cardiac arrhythmia may be increased
the risk of tachycardia may be increased
the therapeutic effects of racepinephrine may be increased
the risk of tachycardia may be increased
the therapeutic effect of racepinephrine may be increased
the vasopressor activity of racepinephrine may be increased
the risk of adverse effects may be increased
the therapeutic effects of racepinephrine may be reduced
the tachycardic activity of racepinephrine may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the antihypertensive activity of benazepril may be reduced
the risk of hypokalemia may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the antihypertensive activity of bepridil may be reduced
the risk of hypokalemia may be increased
the risk of adverse effects may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the therapeutic effect of racepinephrine may be reduced
the risk of cardiac arrhythmia may be increased
the therapeutic effect of racepinephrine may be increased
Actions and spectrum:Â
Epinephrine functions as a non-selective agonist at G-protein-coupled α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Adenylyl cyclase is activated, and intracellular cyclic AMP production is increased by the agonist action of epinephrine on β2-adrenergic receptors, which is the primary source of its therapeutic effect. On a variety of tissues, including the smooth muscles in the lungs, epinephrine relaxes smooth muscle.
Consequently, during asthmatic episodes, epinephrine helps to relieve bronchospasm, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. Aside from its ability to relax the smooth muscles in the stomach, intestine, uterus, and bladder, adrenaline can also relieve urticaria, pruritus, and angioedema, as well as the gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms linked to anaphylaxis.Â
Frequency not definedÂ
DizzinessÂ
VomitingÂ
InsomniaÂ
HeadacheÂ
AnxietyÂ
NervousnessÂ
SweatingÂ
FatigueÂ
Blurred visionÂ
Increased heart rateÂ
Tremors Â
Do not take caffeineÂ
Pregnancy consideration:Â Â
USFDA pregnancy category: Not assignedÂ
Lactation:Â Â
The data about the excretion of racepinephrine into human milk has yet to be studied. Â
Pregnancy category:Â Â
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus `in either the first or second trimester.Â
Category B: There was a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.  Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.  Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence, these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this categoryÂ
Pharmacology:Â
Epinephrine is an agonist of α & β receptors. Racepinephrine is an enantiomeric (racemic) mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
Adrenergic receptors α and β are activated by epinephrine. The effects of adrenaline, whether administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, start working quickly and wear off quickly Label. In asthmatics, epinephrine relaxes the smooth muscles in the bronchi to ease breathing distress. Wheezing and retractions were reduced in a clinical trial involving pediatric bronchiolitis patients who were given aerosolized racemic epinephrine by inhalation. 1. Racemic epinephrine’s clinical effectiveness was on par with that of salbutamol or albuterol, two popular bronchodilators.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
Â
AbsorptionÂ
The onset of action of racepinephrine is around 1 minute to 5 minutes. Duration of action is found to be from an hour to 3 hours.Â
DistributionÂ
Â
MetabolismÂ
The drug undergoes hepatic metabolism. Its primary metabolites are 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid and metanephrine.Â
Elimination and excretionÂ
The method of elimination is unknownÂ
Half-life:Â
2- 3minutesÂ
Administration:Â
Thoroughly wash hands before useÂ
Place the mouthpiece into mouth, closing tightly between the lipsÂ
Breathe deeply after the nebulizer is turned onÂ
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: racepinephrineÂ
Why do we use racepinephrine?Â
The enantiomers of d- and l-epinephrine combine to form racepinephrine, a racemic mixture. An agonist of the α- and β-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine is non-selective. This bronchodilator is used to treat wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, which are mild symptoms of intermittent asthma. As racepinephrine hydrochloride, it is an active component of over-the-counter oral inhalation products.Â
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