How Far Is Too Far? The Ethics of Mini Brain Research
December 11, 2025
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Brand Name :
Monopril
Synonyms :
fosinopril
Class :
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Brand Name :
Monopril
Synonyms :
fosinopril
Class :
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletsÂ
40mgÂ
10mgÂ
20mgÂ
10 mg orally every Day initially, should not exceed more than 40 mg/day
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)Â
Dosing Considerations
Benefits include reducing the incidence of MI, stroke, diabetic nephropathy, microalbuminuria, and diabetes in patients who are at risk for heart disease even if there is no HTN or CHF, start an ACE inhibitor in high-risk patients may maintain renal function in DM and may prolong life in CHF may aid in preventing migraines
No side effects of sexual dysfunction
A good choice for patients with hyperli:
5-10 mg orally every Day initially, should not exceed more than 40 mg/day
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletsÂ
40mgÂ
20mgÂ
10mgÂ
Below 50 kg: 0.1-0.6 mg/kg orally every Day
Above 50 kg: 5-10 mg orally every Day initially, should not exceed more than 40 mg/day
Refer to the adult dosing regimenÂ
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with fosinopril
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with fosinopril
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with fosinopril
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with fosinopril
may diminish the serum concentration when combined with fosinopril
fosinopril: they may diminish the serum concentration of antacids
fosinopril: they may diminish the serum concentration of antacids
fosinopril: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of magnesium salts
fosinopril: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of magnesium salts
fosinopril: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of magnesium salts
fosinopril: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of magnesium salts
fosinopril: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of magnesium salts
may diminish the effects of indomethacin by pharmacodynamic antagonism
A decrease in renal function may be seen when aspirin rectal and fosinopril are coadministered due to pharmacodynamic antagonism
A decrease in renal function may be seen when aspirin rectal and fosinopril are coadministered due to pharmacodynamic antagonism
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
it may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of antipsychotic Agents
may enhance the risk of neutropenia
by reducing elimination, the level of potassium citrate may be increased
may enhance the effects of the other by pharmacodynamic synergism
Actions and spectrum:Â
fosinopril is a medication used for the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) and heart failure. It belongs to a class called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. fosinopril works by blocking the activity of ACE, an enzyme that plays a role in regulating blood pressure.
By inhibiting ACE, fosinopril reduces the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, which in turn causes the blood vessels to dilate and the blood pressure to decrease.Â
In addition to its blood pressure-lowering effects, fosinopril has beneficial effects on the heart and kidneys, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and slowing the progression of kidney disease in patients with hypertension and diabetes.Â
Frequency definedÂ
>10%Â
Dizziness (1.6-11.9%)Â Â
1-10%Â
Fatigue (1-2%)Â
Orthostatic hypotension (1.4-1.9%)Â
Diarrhea (2.2%)Â
Cough (2.2-9.7%)Â
Hyperkalemia (2.6%)Â
Headache (3.2%)Â Â
Frequency not definedÂ
AngioedemaÂ
Aplastic anemiaÂ
ArthralgiaÂ
VasculitisÂ
ARFÂ
NeutropeniaÂ
Interstitial nephritisÂ
RashÂ
Black Box Warning:Â Â
The ACE inhibitors, fosinopril can cause harm to a developing fetus if taken during pregnancy, so it is contraindicated in pregnancy.Â
Contraindication/Caution:Â
Contraindication:Â
Caution:Â
Comorbidities:Â
fosinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. The fosinopril is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema, hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors, or hereditary or idiopathic angioedema. fosinopril should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, and hypotension.
In addition, it should be used cautiously in patients with aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as it can reduce afterload and worsen these conditions. fosinopril may also cause hyperkalemia, and in patients with renal impairment, diabetes, and those taking potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements should be used with caution.Â
Pregnancy consideration: pregnancy category DÂ
Lactation: safety and efficacy not established Â
Pregnancy category:Â
Pharmacology:Â
fosinopril is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite, fosinoprilat, after oral administration. fosinoprilat inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
Inhibition of ACE may result in decreased plasma angiotensin II levels, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. fosinopril also reduces aldosterone secretion, which results in decreased sodium and water reabsorption and increased potassium retention. Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
fosinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It acts by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by the ACE enzyme, thereby reducing the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II and increasing plasma renin levels.
This leads to vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, and decreased aldosterone secretion. fosinopril also reduces the breakdown of bradykinin, a vasodilator, which may contribute to its antihypertensive effects. Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
fosinopril is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within 1-3 hours. Â
DistributionÂ
fosinoprilat is highly bound to plasma proteins, primarily to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Â
MetabolismÂ
fosinopril is rapidly hydrolysed in the liver to its active metabolite, fosinoprilat. fosinopril is not metabolized by the liver and is excreted unchanged in the urine. Â
Elimination and excretionÂ
fosinoprilat is eliminated primarily by the kidneys with a half-life of approximately 12 hours. 50-60% of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine, with the remainder excreted as inactive metabolites. fosinopril does not undergo significant hepatic metabolism and is not excreted in the bile.Â
Administration:Â
fosinopril is administered orally as tablets. It should be taken once a day, with or without food. The tablets should be swallowed whole. The duration and dosage of treatment will depend on the individual’s condition and response to therapy.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: fosinoprilÂ
Pronounced: [ foe-sin-oh-pril ]Â Â
Why do we use fosinopril?Â
fosinopril is a medication that belongs to the class called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children six years and older.
fosinopril can also be used to treat heart failure and improve survival after a heart attack. Additionally, it may be prescribed to improve kidney function in people with diabetes. fosinopril is typically prescribed as a once-daily tablet, with or without food.Â
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