How Far Is Too Far? The Ethics of Mini Brain Research
December 11, 2025
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Brand Name :
ORAFLEX
Synonyms :
benoxaprofen (discontinued)
Class :
Anti-inflammatory drug
Brand Name :
ORAFLEX
Synonyms :
benoxaprofen (discontinued)
Class :
Anti-inflammatory drug
Dosage forms and strengths
Oral tablet
600 mg
800 mg
Take 600 mg a day orally
In some cases the dose may be elevated to 800 mg
Not indicated
Refer adult dosing
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of CNS depression
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of CNS depression
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of CNS depression
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of CNS depression
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of CNS depression
may enhance the risk of gastrointestinal irritation of benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen has the potential to reduce the rate of excretion of idebenone, leading to an elevation in levels of serum
When loracarbef is used together with benoxaprofen, the risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity is enhanced
When benoxaprofen is used together with sertraline, the risk or seriousness of bleeding may be enhanced
When benoxaprofen is used together with piroxicam, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse outcomes
When melitracen is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to increased risk or seriousness of gastrointestinal bleeding
When benoxaprofen is used together with andrographolide, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of bleeding
When cefmenoxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When benoxaprofen is used together with proglumetacin, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When benoxaprofen is used together with bufexamac, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse outcomes
benoxaprofen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of eucalyptus oil which leads to increased level of serum
benoxaprofen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of chromous sulfate, which leads to an increased level of serum
benoxaprofen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, which leads to an increased level of serum
benoxaprofen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of nitric oxide, which leads to an increased level of serum
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of lidoflazine
When benoxaprofen is used together with nifenazone, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When benoxaprofen is used together with difenpiramide, this leads to increased risk or seriousness of adverse events
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of hyperkalemia with barnidipine
benoxaprofen: it may decrease activities of antihypertensive drugs
benoxaprofen: it may decrease activities of antihypertensive drugs
benoxaprofen: it may decrease activities of antihypertensive drugs
benoxaprofen: it may decrease activities of antihypertensive drugs
benoxaprofen: it may decrease activities of antihypertensive drugs
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of bleeding with trapidil
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation agents
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation agents
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation agents
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation agents
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation agents
benoxaprofen: it may increase the risk of hyperkalemia with sulfamethoxazole
benoxaprofen may decrease the excretion rate of almasilate, leading to higher serum levels
When benoxaprofen is used together with diazoxide, this leads to reduction in therapeutic effectiveness of diazoxide
may enhance the risk or severity of hypertension when combined
may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with benoxaprofen
When aceclofenac is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When acemetacin is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When acetaminophen is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When acetylsalicylic acid is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When alclofenac is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When alendronic acid is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When aminophenazone is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When antipyrine is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When antrafenine is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When azficel-T is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When balsalazide is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When bendazac is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When benorilate is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When benzydamine is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When betulinic acid is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When bromfenac is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When bufexamac is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When bumadizone is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When cefapirin is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefazolin is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefditoren is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefepime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefmenoxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefmetazole is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefonicid is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefoperazone is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceforanide is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefotaxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When Cefotetan is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefotiam is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefoxitin is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefpiramide is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefpirome is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefpodoxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefprozil is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefradine is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceftazidime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceftibuten is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceftizoxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceftobiprole is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When ceftriaxone is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefuroxime is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cephalexin is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
When cefapirin is used together with cephaloglycin , this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of nephrotoxicity
the risk of hypertension may be increased
benoxaprofen might lead to a reduction in the rate of excretion of telavancin, potentially leading to elevated levels of serum
Actions and Spectrum:
Action: The action of benoxaprofen is like other NSAIDs. It functions by reducing the enzyme’s activity cyclooxygenase (COX), thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are substances in the body that play a role in inflammation, pain sensation, and fever. By reducing their production, NSAIDs like benoxaprofen alleviate pain, decrease inflammation, and lower fever.
Spectrum: Benoxaprofen belonged to the class of NSAIDs and was used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, its usage was discontinued due to severe adverse effects like hepatotoxicity (liver damage) and other serious side effects that outweighed its therapeutic benefits.
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Urinary urgency
Blurred vision
Epistaxis
Palpitations
Headache
Dizziness
Faintness
Black Box Warning:
None
Contraindication/Caution:
Hypersensitivity: Individuals who have shown hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to benoxaprofen or other NSAIDs should avoid its use.
History of gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration: Benoxaprofen, like other NSAIDs, can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration. Patients with a history of such conditions should avoid using benoxaprofen due to the increased risk of exacerbation.
Renal impairment: Benoxaprofen can potentially worsen kidney function. Individuals with pre-existing renal impairment or conditions affecting kidney function should avoid using this medication.
Liver dysfunction: Patients with existing liver disease or impaired liver function should avoid benoxaprofen due to its potential to exacerbate liver problems.
Pregnancy and lactation: NSAIDs, including benoxaprofen, they are typically avoided in the third trimester of pregnancy because they pose a risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus. They should also be avoided during breastfeeding.
Pregnancy warnings:Â Â Â
Pregnancy category: N/A
Lactation:Â Excreted into human milk is unknown
Pregnancy Categories:
Category A:Â Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.
Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.
Category C:Â there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D:Â adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X:Â Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N:Â There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology:
Benoxaprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was previously used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
Pharmacodynamics:
Pharmacologically, like other NSAIDs, benoxaprofen works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. The enzymes responsible for synthesizing prostaglandins from arachidonic acid play a pivotal role in triggering pain, inflammation, and fever as they serve as mediators in these processes.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
Benoxaprofen is orally administered and is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Distribution
It binds extensively to plasma proteins. After absorption, it distributes throughout the body, entering tissues and crossing the blood-brain barrier.
Metabolism
Benoxaprofen undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism via oxidation and conjugation pathways. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP1A2 and CYP2C9, are involved in its metabolism.
Excretion and Elimination
The kidneys are principally responsible for excreting the medication and its metabolites. A small amount is eliminated in feces.
Administration:Â
The administration of benoxaprofen involved oral ingestion in the form of tablets or capsules. It was typically prescribed to be taken with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal irritation.
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: benoxaprofen (discontinued)
Why do we use benoxaprofen (discontinued)?
Benoxaprofen was effective in alleviating mild to moderate pain associated with conditions like arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, and postoperative pain.
It helped reduce inflammation in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are mediators of inflammation.
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