Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Banzel
Synonyms :
rufinamide
Class :
Anticonvulsants, Other
Brand Name :
Banzel
Synonyms :
rufinamide
Class :
Anticonvulsants, Other
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
200mgÂ
400mgÂ
Oral suspensionÂ
40mg/mlÂ
400-800 mg orally each day divided twice daily
Maintenance dose- increase the daily dose by 400-800 mg each day unless the 3200 mg dose for each day is acquired
It is not known if the drug is effective at the lowest dose
Dose Modification
In the case of renal impairment or hemodialysis, adjust the dose
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
200mgÂ
400mgÂ
Oral suspensionÂ
40mg/mlÂ
For more than 1 year-
10 mg/kg each day orally divided twice daily
Maintenance dose- increase the dose by 10 mg/kg every alternate day
Give a maximum of 45 mg/kg each day divided twice daily
Do not exceed the dose of more than 3200 mg/day
It is not known if the drug is effective at the lowest dose
Dose Modification
In the case of renal impairment or hemodialysis, adjust the dose
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined with metyrapone
may have an increased arrhythmogenic effect when combined with lamotrigine
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effects of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
may enhance the adverse effect of antipsychotic agents
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with sodium phosphates
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with sodium phosphates
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with sodium phosphates
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with sodium phosphates
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with sodium phosphates
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increased metabolism of etoposide   
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increased metabolism of vinblastine  
antiseizure agents may diminish the diagnostic effect of metyrapone
mefloquine may diminish the therapeutic effect of antiseizure agents
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it decreases the efficacy of antiseizure agents
it decreases the concentration of antiseizure agents in the serum
may increase the toxic effect of CNS depressants
- may increase the toxic effect of antipsychotic agents
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the toxic effect of CNS depressants
may increase the toxic effect of antipsychotics
may increase the toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents
may increase the toxic effect of Seizure Threshold, Lowering Potential agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of other antipsychotic agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of other antipsychotic agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of other antipsychotic agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of other antipsychotic agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of other antipsychotic agents
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of iomeprol
valproate products increase the concentration of rufinamide in serum
they increase the toxicity of iobitridol
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of iopamidol
seizure lowering agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of iohexol
Actions and Spectrum:Â
Actions:Â
rufinamide is an antiepileptic drug primarily used to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), a severe form of epilepsy. It works by modulating the activity of sodium channels in the brain, which helps to reduce the abnormal electrical activity that leads to seizures. Â
Spectrum:Â
rufinamide is primarily indicated for treating seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in adults and children aged 1 year and older. LGS is a severe form of epilepsy characterized by multiple seizure types, including tonic (stiffening), atonic (loss of muscle tone), atypical absence (brief loss of awareness), and myoclonic (sudden, brief muscle jerks) seizures. rufinamide has been shown to reduce the frequency of these seizures in LGS patients.Â
Frequency not definedÂ
DiplopiaÂ
FatigueÂ
DizzinessÂ
SomnolenceÂ
VomitingÂ
NauseaÂ
HeadacheÂ
Black Box Warning:Â
None Â
Contraindication/Caution:Â
ContraindicationsÂ
Pregnancy consideration:Â Â
No data is available. Â
Breastfeeding warnings:Â Â
No data is available regarding the excretion of drugs in breast milk.Â
Pregnancy category:Â
Category A: well-controlled and satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.Â
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.   Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: No data is available for the drug under this category.Â
Pharmacology:Â
rufinamide exerts its antiepileptic effects by modulating sodium channels in the brain. It selectively prolongs the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels, particularly the Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 subtypes, which generate and propagate action potentials in neurons. By stabilizing the sodium channels in their inactive state, rufinamide reduces the excessive and repetitive firing of neurons, suppressing abnormal electrical activity that leads to seizures.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
rufinamide increases the seizure threshold, which refers to the stimulation level required to trigger a seizure. By modulating sodium channels and reducing neuronal excitability, rufinamide raises the seizure threshold, making it more difficult for seizures to occur in response to stimuli.Â
rufinamide has been shown to modulate the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate. It reduces the release of glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in the propagation of seizures. By decreasing glutamate release, rufinamide further inhibits the excessive excitatory activity in the brain, contributing to its antiepileptic effects.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
The bioavailability is 85% which increases with food. Â
The half-life is 6-10 hoursÂ
DistributionÂ
The volume of distribution is 50 LÂ
The peak plasma concentration is achieved in 4-6 hours CY3A4 are the induced enzymes, and CYP2E1 are inhibited enzymesÂ
MetabolismÂ
The carboxamide group is hydrolyzed into an inactive derivativeÂ
Elimination and ExcretionÂ
The drug is excreted in urine and is dialyzableÂ
Administration:Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: rufinamideÂ
Pronounced: Ruff-in-a-mideÂ
Why do we use rufinamide? Â
rufinamide is specifically indicated for the management of seizures associated with LGS. LGS is a severe and rare form of epilepsy that typically begins in early childhood. rufinamide is an adjunctive (add-on) therapy alongside other antiepileptic drugs. Â
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