Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER
Synonyms :
hydrocodone
Class :
Analgesics Antitussives agent
Brand Name :
Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER
Synonyms :
hydrocodone
Class :
Analgesics Antitussives agent
Dosage forms and strengths Â
Oral tabletÂ
20 mg Â
10 mgÂ
Oral tablet (extended-release)Â
120 mgÂ
100 mgÂ
As the primary opioid pain reliever & for patients with no opioid tolerance
Hysingla (R)ER
Starting dose: The recommended dose is 20 mg by oral route one time a day
Zohydro (R)ER
Starting dose: The recommended dose is 10 mg by oral route two times a day
Titration and maintenance
When adjusting the dosage of hydrocodone capsules ER, 10 mg increments shall be used two times a day or every three to seven days
adjusting to the dosage of hydrocodone tablets ER shall occur in increments of 10-20 mg one time a day or an interval of every three to five days
If the side effects become intolerable, the dosage could be lowered
ER capsules hydrocodone
Only those who are tolerant to opioids may take the capsules of 50 mg, one dose above 40 mg, or the entire dose in a day exceeding 80 mg
ER Tablets hydrocodone
Individuals who are tolerant to opioids are the only ones who may utilize a day dose of more than or equivalent to 80 mg
Conversion from hydrocodone oral formulations
The complete day dose of hydrocodone as tablet ER is one time daily by oral route
Not indicatedÂ
Refer adult dosingÂ
may have an increased Effect of CNS depressant when combined with serotonergic opioids
opioid agonists increase the toxicity of diuretics
opioid agonists increase the toxicity of diuretics
opioid agonists increase the toxicity of diuretics
opioid agonists increase the toxicity of diuretics
opioid agonists increase the toxicity of diuretics
CYP3A strong enhancers of the small intestine may reduce the bioavailability of hydrocodone 
it increases the efficacy of opioid agonists
they decrease the effect of analgesia of opioid agonists
they decrease the effect of analgesia of opioid agonists
they decrease the effect of analgesia of opioid agonists
they decrease the effect of analgesia of opioid agonists
they decrease the effect of analgesia of opioid agonists
may reduce the analgesic effect of Opioid agonists
may reduce the analgesic effect of Opioid agonists
may reduce the analgesic effect of Opioid agonists
may reduce the analgesic effect of Opioid agonists
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)
hydrocodone: they may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
hydrocodone: they may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
hydrocodone: they may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
hydrocodone: they may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
hydrocodone: they may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
When hydrocodone is used together with profenamine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
the effect of hydrocodone is decreased by lorlatinib, by altering intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
may increase the toxic effect of anticholinergic agents
MAO inhibitors increase the toxic or adverse effects of hydrocodone
MAO inhibitors increase the toxic or adverse effects of hydrocodone
MAO inhibitors increase the toxic or adverse effects of hydrocodone
MAO inhibitors increase the toxic or adverse effects of hydrocodone
MAO inhibitors increase the toxic or adverse effects of hydrocodone
Actions and Spectrum:Â
Action:Â
Analgesia: By attaching to mu-opioid receptors in the CNS and preventing the transmission of pain signals, hydrocodone reduces pain.Â
Cough Suppression: It acts on the brain’s cough center, decreasing the urge to cough.Â
Frequency not defined Â
Fear or nervousnessÂ
Ear congestionÂ
CoughÂ
ChillsÂ
Body aches or painÂ
Bloody or cloudy urineÂ
Bloating or swelling of the faceÂ
Painful urinationÂ
Black Box Warning:Â Â
None
Contraindication/Caution:Â Â
Allergy or Hypersensitivity: Individuals who have a known allergy or hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or any of its components should avoid its use.Â
Respiratory Conditions: Hydrocodone can suppress respiration. Therefore, individuals with severe respiratory diseases such as asthma,COPD or other conditions causing significant respiratory impairment should avoid hydrocodone due to the risk of respiratory depression.Â
Acute Asthma: Patients experiencing an acute asthma attack should not use hydrocodone due to the increased risk of respiratory depression.Â
Gastrointestinal Conditions: Hydrocodone can cause spasms in the biliary tract and should be avoided in patients with acute abdominal conditions. It can also worsen certain gastrointestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or obstructive bowel disorders.Â
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Hydrocodone is typically discouraged for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding because of potential dangers it may pose to the developing fetus or newborn child.Â
Pregnancy warnings:    Â
Pregnancy category: N/AÂ
Lactation: Excreted into human milk is knownÂ
Pregnancy Categories:        Â
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.Â
Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.  Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.  Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology: Hydrocodone is an opioid analgesic primarily used to manage moderate to severe pain.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â Â
Opioid Receptor Agonist: Hydrocodone primarily acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist in the brain and spinal cord. The activation of these receptors diminishes the perception of pain by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters responsible for pain signaling. Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
Hydrocodone is typically administered orally in various forms such as tablets, capsules, or liquid solutions.Â
It is well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration.Â
DistributionÂ
Hydrocodone undergoes distribution to various tissues, including the liver, kidneys, and lungs.Â
MetabolismÂ
Metabolism of hydrocodone primarily occurs in the liver through the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, specifically CYP2D6.Â
Excretion and EliminationÂ
After metabolism, hydrocodone and its metabolites are mainly eliminated through the kidneys via urine.Â
The elimination half-life of hydrocodone typically ranges from about 7 to 9 hours.Â
Administration: Â
The dosage and administration of hydrocodone can vary significantly based on factors such as the individual’s medical history, severity of pain, other medications they may be taking, and potential interactions or contraindications. It’s crucial to follow a doctor’s instructions precisely when taking hydrocodone or any prescription medication to ensure safety and efficacy.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: hydrocodoneÂ
Why do we use hydrocodone? Â
Hydrocodone is used to manage various types of pain, including post-operative pain, injury-related pain, dental pain, and chronic pain conditions like arthritis or back pain.Â
Hydrocodone, in combination with other medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can be used as a cough suppressant in some formulations. However, this use is less common due to its addictive nature.Â
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