Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Tylenol Arthritis Pain, Little Fevers Infant Pain or Fever Reliever, Tylenol, Little Fevers Children's Pain Reliever, PediaCare Single Dose Acetaminophen Pain Reliever or Fever Reducer
Synonyms :
acetaminophen
Class :
Analgesics
Brand Name :
Tylenol Arthritis Pain, Little Fevers Infant Pain or Fever Reliever, Tylenol, Little Fevers Children's Pain Reliever, PediaCare Single Dose Acetaminophen Pain Reliever or Fever Reducer
Synonyms :
acetaminophen
Class :
Analgesics
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
500mg
325mg
Caplet
650mg
500mg
325mg
Capsule
500mg
325mg
Extended-release Caplet
650mg
Oral-disintegrating Tablet
160mg
80mg
Chewable tablet
80mg
Oral solution or suspension
160mg/5mL
Oral liquid
500mg/5mL
160mg/5mL
Oral syrup
160mg/5mL
Indicated for Fever and Analgesia
:
Immediate release
Regular strength: Administer 325 to 650 mg orally or rectally every 4 hours whenever needed
Do not exceed 3250mg/day
4g/day of daily dose can be used
Extra strength: Administer 1000mg orally three or four times a day whenever needed
Do not exceed 3000mg/day
4g/day of daily dose can be used
Extended-release
Administer two capsules (each capsule-650mg) thrice a day whenever needed
Do not exceed 3.9g/day
Maximum dose
Acetaminophen products-Do not exceed a total of 3.25g/day of acetaminophen
4g/day of daily dose can be used
Tylenol Extra Strength (Each tablet or capsule-500mg)-Do not exceed 3g/day
4g/day of daily dose can be used
Dose Adjustments
Hepatic impairment:
Do not exceed 3g/day,
Caution is needed
Renal impairment:
GFR≥50ml/min-Dosage adjustment is not needed
GFR 10 to 50ml/min-Administer for every 6 hours
GFR <10ml/min-Administer for every 8 hours
Renal replacement treatment- Administer every 6 hours
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Tablet
500mg
325mg
Caplet
650mg
500mg
325mg
Capsule
500mg
325mg
Extended-release Caplet
650mg
Oral-disintegrating Tablet
160mg
80mg
Chewable tablet
80mg
Oral solution or suspension
160mg/5mL
Oral liquid
500mg/5mL
160mg/5mL
Oral syrup
160mg/5mL
Dosing based on weight:
Children and Adults under 60 years of age: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 4 to 6 hours whenever needed
Do not exceed 15 mg/kg/dose or 1,000 mg/dose or 75 mg/kg/day, or 4,000 mg/day
Infants: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 4 to 6 hours whenever needed
Do not exceed 15 mg/kg/dose or 75 mg/kg/day
Neonates 10 to 29 days: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 4 to 8 hours whenever needed
Can also administer 20 mg/kg orally as an initial load
Do not exceed 90 mg/kg/day of maximum dose
Neonates 0 to 9 days: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 6 to 8 hours whenever needed
Can also administer 20 mg/kg orally as an initial load
Do not exceed 60 mg/kg/day of maximum dose
Neonates 32 to 37 gestational weeks: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 8 hours whenever needed
Can also administer 20 mg/kg orally as an initial load
Do not exceed 60 mg/kg/day of maximum dose
Neonates 28 to 31 gestational weeks: Administer 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 12 hours whenever needed
Can also administer 20 mg/kg orally as an initial load
Do not exceed 40 mg/kg/day of maximum dose
Fixed Dosing
>12 years
Regular strength: Administer 325 to 650 mg every 4 to 6 hours. Do not exceed 3.25 g/day. 4g/day of daily dose can be used
Extra strength: Administer 1000 mg every 6 hours. Do not exceed three g/day. 4g/day of daily dose can be used
Extended-release: Administer 1.3 g thrice a day; Do not exceed 3.9 g/day
6 to 12 years: Administer 325 to 650 mg for every 4 to 6 hours orally; Do not exceed 1.625 g/day for not more than five days
<6 years: Consult a medical professional
Refer adult dosingÂ
may have an increased hepatotoxic effect when combined with dasatinib
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with vaccines
may enhance the serum concentration when combined
may increase the hepatotoxic effect when combined
respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, adjuvanted
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined
acetaminophen: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine, live 
acetaminophen: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
it may reduce the therapeutic effect of covid-19 vaccines 
measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine, liveÂ
may decrease the therapeutic effects of vaccine
may increase the risk or severity of adverse effects when combined
may decrease the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 vaccine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with acetaminophen
may have an increased hepatotoxic effect when combined with sorafenib
may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with acetaminophen
may increase the risk of adverse effects when combined
CNS stimulants: they may increase the CNS stimulant effect of non-opioid drugs
CNS stimulants: they may increase the CNS stimulant effect of non-opioid drugs
CNS stimulants: they may increase the CNS stimulant effect of non-opioid drugs
CNS stimulants: they may increase the CNS stimulant effect of non-opioid drugs
CNS stimulants: they may increase the CNS stimulant effect of non-opioid drugs
metabolism of acetaminophen is reduced when taken with cinoxacin
meningococcal A C Y and W polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccineÂ
routine prophylactic use of acetaminophen is avoided, which can reduce the effectiveness of vaccines if given before or after vaccination
metabolism of acetaminophen can be reduced wen taken with troglitazone
the excretion rate of oxybenzone may be decreased by acetaminophen, leading to increased serum levels of oxybenzone
It may enhance the effect when combined with lonafarnib by affecting CYP3A4 metabolism
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with acetaminophen
may enhance the metabolism of primidone
may have an increased hepatotoxic effect when combined with imatinib
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
it may enhance the metabolism when combined with aripiprazole lauroxil
It may enhance the toxicity when combined with mipomersen
may enhance the metabolism when combined
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effects when combined
may increase the adverse effects when combined
may increase the adverse effects when combined
may increase the adverse effects when combined
may increase the adverse effects when combined
may increase the adverse effect when combined
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined
may increase the hepatotoxic effect when combined
may enhance the serum concentration when combined
may diminish the serum concentration of UGT1A1 Substrates
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
brompheniramine phenylephrineÂ
may enhance the serum concentration when combined
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may increase the adverse effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents
may diminish the serum concentration when combined
it may diminish the excretion rate when combined with permethrin, resulting in an enhanced serum level
it may diminish the metabolism when combined with azelastine
cefotiam might lead to a reduction in the rate of excretion of acetaminophen, potentially leading to elevated serum levels
it may diminish the excretion rate when combined with gadofosveset, resulting in an enhanced serum level
it may diminish the metabolism when combined with formoterol
The combination of troleandomycin may lead to a reduced metabolism of acetaminophen
When aminophenazone is taken together with acetaminophen, there is a potential for an elevated risk or enhanced seriousness of adverse events
acetaminophen Might lead to a reduction in the rate of excretion of triethylenetetramine, potentially leading to elevated levels of serum
meticrane has the potential to enhance the rate of excretion of acetaminophen; this can potentially lead to decreased levels of serum, possibly diminishing its effectiveness
Combining methysergide and acetaminophen can enhance methysergide's metabolism
Combining levobetaxolol and acetaminophen can diminish levobetaxolol’s metabolism
It may enhance the risk of bleeding when combined with nimesulide
acetaminophen has the potential to reduce the rate of excretion of idebenone, leading to an elevation in levels of serum
Combining tegafur with acetaminophen can reduce tegafur’s metabolism
When alprazolam and acetaminophen is used together, this leads to reduction in the alprazolam’s metabolism
When domeperidone and acetaminophen is used together, this leads to reduction in the domeperidone’s metabolism
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Nonopiods
When acetaminophen is used together with fluconazole, this leads to reduction in the acetaminophen metabolism
When acetaminophen is used together with capsaicin, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of methemoglobinemia
When acetaminophen is used together with piroxicam, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse outcomes
When acetaminophen is used together with norelgestromin, this leads to a rise in norelgestromin’s metabolism
When acetaminophen is used together with somatotropin, this leads to a rise in acetaminophen’s metabolism
When antrafenine is used together with acetaminophen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse outcomes
When acetaminophen is used together with promazine, this leads to a reduction in acetaminophen metabolism
acetaminophen has the potential to reduce the excretion rate of deferiprone, leading to an increased level of serum
When acetaminophen is used together with paritaprevir, this leads to a reduction in the acetaminophen metabolism
When acetaminophen is used together with proglumetacin, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
terfenadine decreases the metabolism of acetaminophen when used in combination
When acetaminophen is used together with benoxaprofen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of eucalyptus oil which leads to increased level of serum
cefpirome leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of acetaminophen which leads to increased level of serum
When acetaminophen is used together with fenbufen, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of chromous sulfate, which leads to an increased level of serum
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, which leads to an increased level of serum
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of oxyquinoline, which leads to an increased level of serum
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of potassium acetate, which leads to an increased level of serum
acetaminophen leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of potassium perchlorate, which leads to an increased level of serum
the metabolism of dihydroergocristine can increase when combined with acetaminophen
the excretion rate of gadopentetic acid may be decreased by acetaminophen, causing a higher serum level
ioxilan's excretion rate may be decreased by acetaminophen, causing a rise in serum level
isoxicam may increase the risk or severity of adverse effects when combined with acetaminophen
phylloquinone may decrease the excretion rate of acetaminophen, potentially leading to higher serum levels
muzolimine has the potential to increase the excretion rate of acetaminophen, resulting in a potential decrease in serum levels and a potential decrease in efficacy
acetaminophen has the potential to decrease the excretion rate of mycophenolic acid, possibly leading to higher serum levels
n-acetyl tyrosine excretion rate may be decreased by acetaminophen, potentially resulting in elevated serum levels
sulbactam excretion rate may be decreased by acetaminophen, potentially resulting in elevated serum levels
aceclofenac: it may decrease the excretion rate of iothalamic acid
When acetaminophen is used together with nifenazone, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
the serum concentration of acetaminophen can be increased when combined with ivacaftor
the risk of methemoglobinemia can be elevated when acetaminophen is combined with cinchocaine
acetaminophen: it may decrease the metabolism of piperazine
When acetaminophen is used together with adenine, this leads to a reduction in the acetaminophen's metabolism
acetaminophen: it may increase the risk or severity of adverse effects with indobufen
the metabolism of acetaminophen can be raised when combined with insulin pork
when taken with isometheptene, acetaminophen can raise the risk or degree of methemoglobinemia
acetaminophen may lower the excretion rate of inosine pranobex, potentially resulting in a higher serum level
acetaminophen may diminish the excretion speed of hydroxyethyl starch, potentially leading to an elevated serum level
when both drugs are combined, there may be a decreased levels of acetaminophen by decreasing hepatic clearance  
it increases the effect or level of ruxolitinib by altering the intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
It may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of the live vaccine
may increase the hepatotoxic effect
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with busulfan
may enhance the metabolism when combined with acetaminophen
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with acetaminophen
may have an increased hepatotoxic effect when combined with acetaminophen
may diminish the concentration of serum when combined with acetaminophen
may have an increased hepatotoxic effect when combined with mipomersen
may enhance the metabolism when combined with acetaminophen
It may diminish the effect when combined with lixisenatide by inhibiting gastrointestinal absorption
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with opioid agonists
metabolism of acetaminophen can be reduced when combined with telaprevir
the rate of metabolism of norethynodrel may be increased
the risk of side effects can be raised when sulindac is used in combination
the serum concentration of acetaminophen can be increased when combined with ivacaftor
the risk of methemoglobinemia may be increased
the risk of adverse effects may be increased
the rate of metabolism of acetaminophen may be reduced
the rate of metabolism of acetaminophen may be reduced
the risk of methemoglobinemia may be increased
the hepatotoxic activity of acetaminophen may be increased
the rate of metabolism of zotepine may be reduced with acetaminophen
acetaminophen might lead to a reduction in the rate of excretion of telavancin, potentially leading to elevated levels of serum
measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine, live (Rx)
it decreases the efficacy of live vaccines
measles mumps and rubella vaccine, live
it decreases the efficacy of live vaccines
it decreases the efficacy of live vaccines
smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine, live
it decreases the efficacy of live vaccines
it decreases the efficacy of live vaccines
decreases metabolism of busulfan and increases therapeutic effects
may decrease the level of each other by increasing metabolism
Frequency not defined
Disorientation
Pruritic maculopapular rash
Hyperammonemia
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Angioedema
Dizziness
Rash
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Urticaria
Agranulocytosis
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Laryngeal edema
Leukopenia
Pancytopenia
Liver failure
Pneumonitis
Anaphylactoid
Hepatotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Black box warning:Â
NoneÂ
Contraindications:
Caution:
Alcohol Use: Combining acetaminophen with alcohol can increase the risk of liver damage or toxicity. Alcohol consumption can affect the metabolism of acetaminophen in the liver.
Pregnancy consideration: A
Lactation: Excretion of the drug in human breast milk is known
Pregnancy category:
Category A:Â well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D:Â adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology:
It works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, chemical messengers involved in inflammation and pain signaling. Unlike nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin, acetaminophen has limited anti-inflammatory properties and primarily acts on the central nervous system.
acetaminophen is thought to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) primarily in the central nervous system, which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins. By reducing the production of prostaglandins, acetaminophen helps alleviate pain and fever.
Pharmacodynamics:
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
acetaminophen is well absorbed when taken orally. It is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations achieved within
Immediate-release oral formulation: 10-60 minutes
Extended-release oral formulation: 60-120 minutes
Conventional tablet (500 mg) taken orally: 6 hours
Extended-release tablet (650 mg) taken orally: 8 hours.
Distribution
acetaminophen has a relatively small volume of distribution, approximately 1 L/kg, indicating that it is distributed throughout the body’s water compartments. It readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and placenta.
Metabolism
acetaminophen is primarily metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzyme systems. The major metabolic pathways involve conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid, forming inactive metabolites. However, a minor metabolic pathway leads to the formation of a toxic metabolite called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). Under normal circumstances, NAPQI is rapidly detoxified by conjugation with glutathione.
The primary metabolite is acetaminophen glucuronide, accounting for most excretion.
Elimination and Excretion
acetaminophen and its metabolites are primarily eliminated through the kidneys via urine.
Smaller amounts are excreted as acetaminophen sulfate and mercaptate. The half-life of acetaminophen varies depending on the age group. In adolescents, it is approximately 1.25-3 hours; in children, it is 2-5 hours; in infants, it is 4 hours; in neonates, it is 7 hours; and in adults, it is 2-3 hours. The half-life may be prolonged in patients with liver dysfunction or cases of acetaminophen overdose.
Generic Name: acetaminophen
Why do we use acetaminophen?
The primary uses of acetaminophen:
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: acetaminophen can temporarily relieve the pain and discomfort associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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