Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Glucotrol XL
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
glipizide
Class :
Antidiabetics, Sulfonylureas
Brand Name :
Glucotrol XL
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
glipizide
Class :
Antidiabetics, Sulfonylureas
Dosage forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
Extended-Release TabletÂ
2.5mgÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
Immediate-release tablet
Initially, 5 mg orally each day
Increase the dose by 2.5 to 5 mg per day as required based on blood glucose response
Maintenance Range
2.5-20 mg orally each day, every 12 hours
Do not exceed more than 40 mg/day
Extended-release tablet
Initially, 5 mg orally each day with breakfast
Increase the dose by 2.5 to 5 mg per day as required based on blood glucose response
Maintenance Range
5-10 mg orally each day
Do not exceed more than 20 mg/day
If the dose is more than 15 mg, divide the oral dose in every 12 hours
Not recommended for pediatricsÂ
Dosage forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
Extended-Release TabletÂ
2.5mgÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
Immediate-release tablet
Initially, 2.5 mg orally each day, half an hour before breakfast
Increase the dose by 2.5 to 5 mg per day every one or the other week based on blood glucose response
Do not increase the dose to more than 20 mg/day
It may diminish the serum concentration when combined with colesevelam
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors: they may increase the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors: they may increase the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
may increase the therapeutic efficacy of each other when combined
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
It may enhance the toxicity when combined with mipomersen
It may enhance the effect when combined with cannabidiol by diminishing metabolism
it may diminish the metabolism when combined with azelastine
It may enhance the effect when combined with lixisenatide by pharmacodynamic synergism
may have an increased adverse/toxic effect when combined with alcohol
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with vitamin k antagonists
When glipizide is used together with adenine, this leads to a reduction in the glipizide’s metabolism
the efficacy of glipizide can be raised when used in combination with sulfametopyrazine
When glipizide is used together with diazoxide, this leads to reduction in therapeutic effectiveness of glipizide
methylprednisolone hemisuccinateÂ
When methylprednisolone hemisuccinate is aided with glipizide, this leads to elevated hyperglycemia risk
when both drugs are combined, there may be a decreased level of serum concentration of glipizide    
may increase the level of each other by an unknown mechanism
may increase the level of each other by an unknown mechanism
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may enhance the hypoglycemic effect
may enhance the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the effects of bosentan by pharmacodynamic synergism
may have an increased adverse/toxic effect when combined with alcohol
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
bismuth subcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
by altering metabolism, the levels of glipizide may be reduced
Actions and Spectrum:Â
glipizide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called sulfonylureas, which stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.Â
The spectrum of action of glipizide is primarily focused on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It achieves this by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas and increasing the sensitivity of the body’s tissues to insulin. This results in better glucose utilization and lower blood glucose levels.Â
glipizide is considered a short-acting sulfonylurea, which means it is rapidly absorbed and begins to work within 30 minutes of ingestion. Its effects last for up to 24 hours, making it suitable for once-daily dosing.Â
Frequency not definedÂ
Dermatologic reactionsÂ
DiarrheaÂ
Abdominal painÂ
SyncopeÂ
DizzinessÂ
FlatulenceÂ
HeadacheÂ
NervousnessÂ
AnxietyÂ
DrowsinessÂ
DepressionÂ
HeartburnÂ
ErythemaÂ
Morbilliform eruptionsÂ
Urticaria Maculopapular eruptionsÂ
HypoglycemiaÂ
Nausea/vomitingÂ
Contraindication/Caution:Â
Contraindications:Â
Precautions:Â
Pregnancy consideration:Â Â
glipizide crosses the placenta; hence dose should be considered accordingly.Â
Breastfeeding warnings:Â Â
No data is available about the excretion of glipizide in breastmilk.Â
Pregnancy category:Â
Pharmacology:Â
glipizide is an oral antidiabetic medication that belongs to the sulfonylurea class. It works by stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin, which helps to lower blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.Â
glipizide is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-3 hours after oral administration. It is extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine and feces.Â
The onset of action of glipizide is rapid, with effects seen within 30 minutes of ingestion. Its duration of action is up to 24 hours, making it suitable for once-daily dosing.Â
glipizide is highly protein-bound, primarily to albumin, and is extensively metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. The primary metabolite, M1, is inactive, while the secondary metabolite, M2, has some hypoglycemic activity.Â
glipizide is eliminated primarily through the kidney, with a half-life of 2-4 hours. In patients with renal impairment, the half-life may be prolonged.Â
The therapeutic dose range of glipizide is 2.5-20 mg per day, taken once daily with breakfast or the first main meal of the day. It is important to monitor blood glucose levels closely when starting or adjusting the dose of glipizide, as hypoglycemia can occur, especially in elderly patients or those with impaired kidney or liver function.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
glipizide is an oral antidiabetic medication that belongs to the class of sulfonylureas. It works by stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas, which helps to lower blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes.Â
The pharmacodynamics of glipizide involve binding to specific receptors on the beta cells in the pancreas known as sulfonylurea receptors (SURs). This binding leads to the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the cell membrane and triggers the opening of voltage-dependent calcium (Ca2+) channels. This influx of calcium triggers the release of insulin from the beta cells.Â
glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea, which means it has a higher affinity for SURs than first-generation sulfonylureas. This increased affinity results in a more potent and longer-lasting effect on insulin release.Â
glipizide has a rapid onset of action, with peak effects seen within 1-3 hours after administration. The duration of action is generally 12-24 hours, although this can vary depending on the individual’s metabolism and dosage.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
Bioavailability is 100%Â Â
Onset of initial effect takes place in 30 min; maximum effect takes place in 2-3 weeks Â
Duration of action is 12-24 hoursÂ
Peak plasma concentration is achieved in 1-3 hours Â
DistributionÂ
Protein bound is 99%Â
Volume of distribution is 10-11 LÂ Â
MetabolismÂ
The drug is extensively metabolized in the liver to form inactive metabolitesÂ
The metabolites formed are inactive Hydroxycyclohexyl derivatives Â
Elimination and ExcretionÂ
The half-life is 2-5 hoursÂ
The drug is excreted in 63-90% in urine and 10% in fecesÂ
Administration:Â
glipizide is an oral medication that is typically taken once or twice a day, usually with breakfast and/or the first main meal of the day. The medication is available in immediate-release tablets and extended-release tablets.Â
The immediate-release tablets are usually taken 30 minutes before a meal, while the extended-release tablets are taken with breakfast. The dosage of glipizide depends on several factors, including the individual’s blood glucose levels, kidney function, and response to the medication.Â
It’s important to take glipizide as directed by your healthcare provider to ensure that you get the maximum benefit from the medication. Missing a dose can lead to high blood glucose levels, and taking too much glipizide can cause low blood glucose levels, also known as hypoglycemia.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: glipizideÂ
Pronounced: GLIP-i-zideÂ
Why do we use glipizide?Â
glipizide is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance and/or impaired insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to serious complications if not managed properly.Â
glipizide is an oral medication that helps to lower blood glucose levels by stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas. It does this by binding to specific receptors on the beta cells known as sulfonylurea receptors (SURs), leading to the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, which depolarizes the cell membrane and triggers the opening of voltage-dependent calcium (Ca2+) channels. This influx of calcium triggers the release of insulin from the beta cells.Â
By increasing insulin release, glipizide helps to lower blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It is typically used in combination with lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to help manage the condition.Â
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