Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Buprenex
Synonyms :
buprenorphine
Class :
Opioid Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid Partial Agonist
Brand Name :
Buprenex
Synonyms :
buprenorphine
Class :
Opioid Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid Partial Agonist
Dosage forms & Strengths:
Adult:
Solution for Injection (Buprenex) Schedule III
0.3 mg/ml
Sublingual tablet (generic) Schedule III
2 mg
8 mg
Dosage forms & Strengths:
Solution for Injection (Buprenex) Schedule III
0.3 mg/ml
Dosage forms & Strengths:
Solution for Injection (Buprenex) Schedule III
0.3 mg/ml
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may increase the CNS depressants effects of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
acrivastine and pseudoephedrineÂ
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of Phenobarbital
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
acetaminophen/doxylamine/dextromethorphanÂ
may increase the CNS depressant effect CNS Depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may decrease the therapeutic effect of opioids
may decrease the therapeutic effect of opioids
may decrease the therapeutic effect of opioids
buprenorphine increases the toxicity of MAO inhibitors
buprenorphine increases the toxicity of MAO inhibitors
buprenorphine increases the toxicity of MAO inhibitors
buprenorphine increases the toxicity of MAO inhibitors
buprenorphine increases the toxicity of MAO inhibitors
they decrease the concentration of buprenorphine in the serum
they decrease the concentration of buprenorphine in the serum
they decrease the concentration of buprenorphine in the serum
they decrease the concentration of buprenorphine in the serum
they decrease the concentration of buprenorphine in the serum
CYP3A strong enhancers of the small intestine may reduce the bioavailability of buprenorphine
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increase in the QTC interval
may decrease the therapeutic effect of opioids
It may enhance QTc interval when combined with pentamidine
It may enhance sedation when combined with tramadol
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with buprenorphine
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with buprenorphine
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with buprenorphine
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with buprenorphine
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with buprenorphine
Combining buprenorphine with pranlukast may cause a reduction in the buprenorphine’s metabolism
Combining tegafur with buprenorphine can reduce tegafur’s metabolism
When dexrabeprazole and buprenorphine is used together, this leads to reduction in the dexrabeprazole’s metabolism
When domeperidone and buprenorphine is used together, this leads to reduction in the domeperidone’s metabolism
buprenorphine: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A Inhibitors
buprenorphine: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A Inhibitors
buprenorphine: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A Inhibitors
buprenorphine: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A Inhibitors
buprenorphine: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A Inhibitors
When buprenorphine is used together with fluconazole, this leads to reduction in the buprenorphine metabolism
When encainide is used together with buprenorphine, this leads to a reduction in the encainide’s metabolism
When indisulam is used together with buprenorphine, this leads to a reduction in buprenorphine metabolism
when combined with cholecalciferol, the metabolism of buprenorphine may experience a decrease
When buprenorphine is used together with profenamine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
When buprenorphine is used together with adenine, this leads to a reduction in the buprenorphine's metabolism
the effect of buprenorphine is decreased by lorlatinib, by altering intestinal or hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme metabolism
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitors
may have an increased analgesic effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased analgesic effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased analgesic effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased analgesic effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased analgesic effect when combined with opioid agonists
sedative effects can be increased when buprenorphine is administered with papaverine
Actions and Spectrum:
Actions:
Pain Management: buprenorphine is used to manage moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord (mu-opioid receptors), which reduces the perception of pain.
Opioid Dependence Treatment: buprenorphine is also used in the treatment of opioid dependence, as it can help to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings in individuals who are addicted to opioids. buprenorphine works by binding to the mu-opioid receptors, which reduces the effects of other opioids and can help to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
Spectrum:
Opioid Receptor Affinity: buprenorphine has a high affinity for the mu-opioid receptors, which allows it to bind strongly to these receptors and produce its effects.
Partial Agonist Properties: buprenorphine is a partial agonist, meaning that it activates the mu-opioid receptors to a lesser extent than full agonist opioids, such as morphine. This reduced activation helps to reduce the risk of respiratory depression (shallow breathing) and overdose, which are major concerns with full agonist opioids.
Ceiling Effect: buprenorphine also has a ceiling effect, meaning that its effects will reach a maximum point and then stop increasing, even with higher doses. This helps to reduce the risk of overdose, as the effects of the drug will not increase beyond a certain point, even with higher doses.
Frequency Defined
10%:
Headache (29.1-30%)
Withdrawal syndrome (18.4-22%)
Pain (18.4-24%)
Insomnia (21.4%)
Back pain (7.8-14%)
Nausea (10-13.6%)
Sweating (12-12.6%)
Infection (11.7%)
Constipation (7.8-11%)
Asthenia (14%)
Infection (20%)
Abdominal pain (11.7%)
1-10%:
Rhinitis (9.7%)
Chills (6-7.8%)
Flu syndrome (6%)
Nervousness (6%)
Diarrhea (4.9-5%)
Asthenia (4.9%)
Fever (3%)
Dyspepsia (3%)
Vomiting (5-7.8%)
Runny eyes (5%)
Accidental injury (2-3%)
Abscess (2%)
Vasodilation (3.9%)
<1%:
Dyspnea
Constipation
Pruritis
Psychosis
Urinary retention
Tinnitus
Tremor
Pallor
Flatulence
Dyspepsia
Apnea
Black Box Warning:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for opioid analgesics to help ensure that the benefits of these drugs for pain management outweigh the risks associated with addiction, abuse, and misuse. The REMS program was established as a response to the opioid epidemic in the United States and aims to improve the safe use of these medications.
Contraindication/Caution:
Contraindications:
Allergic reactions: buprenorphine should not be used in individuals who have previously had an allergic reaction to buprenorphine or any of its ingredients.
Respiratory depression: buprenorphine should not be used in individuals with severe respiratory depression, as it may worsen their breathing.
Acute pain: buprenorphine should not be used for the treatment of acute pain, as it is not a suitable medication for this type of pain.
Alcohol or sedative withdrawal: buprenorphine should not be used in individuals undergoing alcohol or sedative withdrawal, as it may worsen their symptoms.
Cautions:
Pregnancy: buprenorphine should be used with caution in pregnant women, as it may cause harm to the fetus. Women taking buprenorphine should use effective contraception to prevent pregnancy.
Liver or kidney disease: buprenorphine should be used with caution in individuals with liver or kidney disease, as it may cause additional strain on these organs.
Depression: buprenorphine may cause depression or worsen pre-existing depression. Patients taking buprenorphine should inform their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms of depression.
Interactions with other medications: buprenorphine may interact with other medications, including benzodiazepines, alcohol, and other opioids. Patients taking buprenorphine should inform their healthcare provider about all the medications they are taking.
Pregnancy consideration:
Limited data available regarding the use in pregnant women.
Breastfeeding warnings:
The developmental and health benefits of both infant and mother should be considered.
Pregnancy category:
Category A: well-controlled and satisfactory studies do not show risk to the fetus in the first/later trimester.
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D: adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: No data is available for the drug under this category.
Pharmacology:
buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that is used in the treatment of opioid addiction and chronic pain. It works by binding to the mu-opioid receptors in the brain, which are the same receptors that are targeted by full opioid agonists such as morphine and fentanyl.
Pharmacodynamics:
Opioid agonism: buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptors, which means it activates these receptors to produce a certain level of pain relief, but it does not activate them to the same extent as a full opioid agonist. This results in a lower risk of overdose, respiratory depression, and addiction compared to full opioid agonists.
Ceiling effect: buprenorphine has a ceiling effect, which means that as the dose of the drug increases, its effects will plateau, and further increases in the dose will not produce a proportionate increase in effects. This reduces the risk of overdose and toxicity associated with buprenorphine use.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption:
buprenorphine is absorbed well following sublingual (under the tongue) administration and intramuscular injection.
Distribution:
buprenorphine distributes throughout the body, including the brain and other organs.
Metabolism:
buprenorphine is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system, and its metabolites are excreted in the urine.
Half-life:
buprenorphine has a long half-life, which allows for once-daily dosing in most patients
Administration:
Sublingual administration:
Transdermal administration:
Intramuscular injection:
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: buprenorphine
Pronounced: BUE-pre-NOR-feen
Why do we use buprenorphine?
Opioid Addiction: buprenorphine is used as part of a comprehensive treatment program for individuals with opioid addiction. When used as directed, it can help to reduce cravings, prevent withdrawal symptoms, and improve overall functioning.
Chronic Pain: buprenorphine is used for the treatment of chronic pain, such as low back pain, osteoarthritis, or chronic pain from cancer. It works by reducing pain and improving quality of life for patients who have not responded to other pain medications.
Pain Management: buprenorphine is used for the management of pain in the hospital or pre-operative setting. It can be used alone or in combination with other medications to provide pain relief for patients undergoing surgery or other medical procedures.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: buprenorphine is used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a condition that affects new-borns exposed to opioids in utero. NAS can cause symptoms such as tremors, seizures, and excessive crying, and buprenorphine can help to reduce these symptoms and improve the health of affected new-borns.
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