Fame and Mortality: Evidence from a Retrospective Analysis of Singers
November 26, 2025
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Brand Name :
Gimoti
(United States) [Available] ,Reglan
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
metoclopramide
Class :
Anti-emetic agents, Prokinetic agents
Brand Name :
Gimoti
(United States) [Available] ,Reglan
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
metoclopramide
Class :
Anti-emetic agents, Prokinetic agents
Injectable solution:Â
5 mg/mlÂ
Tablet:Â
5 mgÂ
10 mgÂ
Syrup:Â
5 mg/5mlÂ
10 mg/10mlÂ
Dispersible tablets:Â
5 mgÂ
10 mgÂ
Chemotherapy Induced Vomiting And NauseaÂ
2 mg/kg intravenous dose is infused for 15 minutes, half an hour before chemotherapy
Repeat the dose twice every 2 hours (after 1st dose)
Suppressed emesis- decrease the dose to 1mg/kg intravenously every 3 hours for 3 doses
Unsuppressed emesis- Continue the same dose every 3 hours for the 3 doses
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)Â
10-15 mg orally every 6 hours, 30 minutes before meals and bedtime
Do not exceed the dose more than 80 mg/day
Postoperative Nausea/vomitingÂ
(Off-label)
10-20 mg intramuscularly near to the end of the procedure
Repeat the dose every 4-6 hours after surgery as required
Dosing Modifications
In the case of renal impairment, when CrCl is less than 40ml/min, decrease the dose by half
And when CrCl is less than 10ml/min, decrease the dose by three-fourth
Postoperative Nausea/vomitingÂ
(Off-label)
0.1-2 mg/kg intravenously every 6-8 hours as required
Dosage forms & StrengthsÂ
Injectable solutionÂ
5mg/mlÂ
TabletÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
SyrupÂ
5mg/5mlÂ
10mg/10mlÂ
Dispersible tabletsÂ
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
Chemotherapy Induced Vomiting And NauseaÂ
(Off-label)
1-2 mg/kg intravenously over 15 minutes, half an hour before chemotherapy
Repeat every 2-4 hours
Prior treatment with diphenhydramine decreases the risk of adverse effects (extrapyramidal)
Postoperative Nausea/vomitingÂ
(Off-label)
0.1-2 mg/kg intravenously every 6-8 hours as required
Refer to the adult dosingÂ
metoclopramide decreases the effect of anti-Parkinson agents
it increases the toxic or adverse effect of anti-Parkinson agents
it decreases the effect of metoclopramide
they enhance the effect of metoclopramide
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with tetrabenazine
it increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
it increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
it increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
it increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
it increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antipsychotic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antipsychotic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antipsychotic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antipsychotic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide decreases the efficacy of antiparkinsonism agents
metoclopramide decreases the efficacy of antiparkinsonism agents
metoclopramide decreases the efficacy of antiparkinsonism agents
metoclopramide decreases the efficacy of antiparkinsonism agents
metoclopramide decreases the efficacy of antiparkinsonism agents
metoclopramide increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide increases the toxicity of antipsychotic agents
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
metoclopramide increases the effect of hypertension of MAO inhibitors
metoclopramide could intensify the harmful impact of promethazine
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
it may increase the effects of each other
it may increase the effects of each other
it may increase the effects of each other
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may increase the toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents
it decreases the efficacy of metoclopramide
it increases the toxicity of metoclopramide
they decrease the effect of gastrointestinal agents
metoclopramide increases the effect of CNS depressants
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in serum
methemoglobinemia causing agents increase the adverse effect of local anesthetics
metoclopramide decreases the effect of quinagolide
metoclopramide increases the concentration of immunosuppressants in serum
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
metoclopramide: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
metoclopramide: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
metoclopramide: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
metoclopramide increases the effect of CNS depressants
metoclopramide increases the effect of CNS depressants
metoclopramide increases the effect of CNS depressants
The Therapeutic efficacy of quinagolide might be reduced
metoclopramide and mephenesin, when used together, the risk or seriousness of sedation may rise
When encainide is used together with metoclopramide, this leads to a reduction in the encainide’s metabolism
may have an increased serotonergic effect when combined with serotonergic agents
metoclopramide: it may increase the risk of adverse effects with trimetazidine
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
the activity of metoclopramide may be reduced with agnus-castus
metoclopramide decreases the concentration of atovaquone in serum
they increase the toxicity of metoclopramide
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in the serum
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in the serum
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in the serum
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in the serum
they increase the concentration of metoclopramide in the serum
Actions and Spectrum:Â
metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to treat gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis. It works by increasing the contractions of the stomach and intestines, which helps food move through the digestive system more quickly.Â
In addition to its prokinetic effects on the gut, metoclopramide has other actions and effects, including:Â
The spectrum of metoclopramide is primarily gastrointestinal and antiemetic. It is often used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), diabetic gastroparesis, and nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, it is important to note that metoclopramide can have significant side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.Â
Frequency definedÂ
>10%Â
Dystonic reactionsÂ
1-10%Â
Fatigue Â
Restlessness Â
Sedation Â
Headache Â
Dizziness Â
Somnolence Â
Frequency not definedÂ
DiarrheaÂ
NauseaÂ
ImpotenceÂ
GalactorrheaÂ
GynecomastiaÂ
Menstrual disordersÂ
Hematologic abnormalitiesÂ
Black Box Warning:Â
Long-term use of metoclopramide has been associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and limbs. The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia increases with longer treatment duration and higher cumulative doses of metoclopramide.Â
It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients receiving metoclopramide for signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, including involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. If signs or symptoms of tardive dyskinesia develop, metoclopramide should be discontinued immediately. There is no known cure for tardive dyskinesia, and symptoms may persist even after metoclopramide treatment is stopped.Â
To minimize the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia, metoclopramide should not be administered for longer than 12 weeks, except in rare cases where the therapeutic benefit is thought to outweigh the risk of tardive dyskinesia. In such cases, the patient should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, and treatment should be discontinued if they develop.Â
Contraindication/Caution:Â
Contraindications of metoclopramide include:Â
Caution should be taken in the following situations:Â
Pregnancy consideration:Â Â
metoclopramide is known to cross the placental barrier and may cause symptoms of methemoglobinemia.Â
Breastfeeding warnings:Â Â
metoclopramide is known for its excretion in breastmilk. Monitor the breastfeeding during treatmentÂ
Pregnancy category:Â
Pharmacology:Â
metoclopramide is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as dopamine receptor antagonists. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which can increase the movement of food through the digestive system and decrease nausea and vomiting.Â
Specifically, metoclopramide works by increasing the tone and motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and heartburn. It also has a central antiemetic effect by acting on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain, which can help prevent nausea and vomiting.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
The pharmacodynamics of metoclopramide are related to its antagonistic effect on dopamine receptors, particularly those in the gastrointestinal tract and the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brain.Â
In the gastrointestinal tract, metoclopramide increases the tone and motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting in an accelerated gastric emptying rate and improved small bowel transit. This effect is due to the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, which leads to the release of acetylcholine in the enteric nervous system.Â
In the CTZ of the brain, metoclopramide blocks dopamine D2 receptors, which reduces the activity of the CTZ and prevents vomiting. This central antiemetic effect is useful in preventing nausea and vomiting caused by a variety of conditions, including chemotherapy and postoperative nausea and vomiting.Â
In addition to its effects on dopamine receptors, metoclopramide has been shown to have prokinetic effects on the lower esophageal sphincter, which can help prevent reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
The bioavailability is 74-96% for intramuscular and 65-95% for oralÂ
The onset of action is 1-3 min for intravenous; 10-15 min for intramuscular; 30-60 min for oralÂ
The duration of action is 1-2 hours regardless of the routeÂ
The peak serum concentration is achieved in 15 min (for intravenous); and 60-120 min (for oral)Â
DistributionÂ
The bound protein is 30-40%Â
The volume of distribution is 3.5 L/kgÂ
MetabolismÂ
The drug is metabolized by the liverÂ
Metabolites formed are metoclopramide glucuronides, aminoacetic acid (inactive), metoclopramide sulfatesÂ
Elimination and ExcretionÂ
The half-life for intramuscular and intravenous is 5-6 hours (adults) and 4 hours (children)Â
Rate of total body clearance is 0.53-0.55 L/hr/kg The drug is excreted primarily in urine (85%)Â
Administration:Â
metoclopramide can be administered by several routes, including oral, intravenous, and intramuscular. The dose and route of administration depend on the patient’s medical condition and response to treatment.Â
For the treatment of nausea and vomiting in adults, the usual oral dose of metoclopramide is 10 mg taken up to four times a day, with the first dose usually taken 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime. The maximum daily dose is 40 mg.Â
For the treatment of nausea and vomiting in children, the dose of metoclopramide is based on the child’s weight, usually at a dose of 0.1 to 0.15 mg/kg per dose, up to a maximum of 10 mg per dose. The dosing frequency is the same as for adults.Â
metoclopramide can also be given intravenously or intramuscularly, usually at a dose of 10 mg, with a maximum daily dose of 40 mg. Intravenous administration is preferred for patients who cannot tolerate oral medication or require rapid onset of action.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: metoclopramideÂ
Pronounced: met-o-clo-pra-mideÂ
Why do we use metoclopramide?Â
The medication works by increasing the tone and motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract, improving the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and heartburn. It also has a central antiemetic effect by acting on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain, which can help prevent nausea and vomiting.Â
metoclopramide is commonly used to treat the following conditions:Â
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