Fame and Mortality: Evidence from a Retrospective Analysis of Singers
November 26, 2025
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Brand Name :
Epsom Salt
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
magnesium sulfate, mgso4
Class :
Laxatives, Minerals, and electrolytes
Brand Name :
Epsom Salt
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
magnesium sulfate, mgso4
Class :
Laxatives, Minerals, and electrolytes
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Injectable solution
40mg/ml
80mg/ml
50%
Infusion solution
1g/100ml
2g/100ml
Mild:
1
gm
Intramuscular (IM)
every 6 hrs
4 doses
mild severe: 250 mg/kg IM within 4-hour period Do not exceed IV infusion rate of 150 mg/minute
3 - 4
g
Intravenous (IV)
over 30 seconds
Indicated for Fetal neuroprotection for imminent preterm birth:
Intravenous (IV)
Initial dose:4g of loading dose for 20 to 30 minutes
Maintenance dose:1 gram per hour via continuous intravenous infusion
The maintenance infusion can be continued for up to 24 hours or until delivery, whichever occurs first
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Injectable solution
40mg/ml
80mg/ml
50%
Infusion solution
1g/100ml
2g/100ml
2 doses orally per day
Age: >12 years
2-4 teaspoons dissolved in 8 ounces water
Age: 6 to 11 years
1 to 2 teaspoons dissolved in 8 ounces of water
Age: Under 6 years:
Not recommended
Refer adult dosing.
may increase the QTc prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Class III Antiarrhythmics
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate
this is combination is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular diosrdrs who are on antiarrhythmic drugs
bloodroot along with anti-arrhythmic medications will result in irregularity in heartbeat and bradycardia
when both drugs are combined, there may be decrease in effect of baloxavir marboxil by cation binding in gi tract
when both drugs are combined, there may be decrease in effect of demeclocycline by inhibition of gi absorption
It may increase the CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS Depressants
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
It may enhance the levels when combined with sodium polystyrene sulfonate by diminishing renal clearance
it increases the toxicity of calcium channel blockers
it increases the toxicity of calcium channel blockers
it increases the toxicity of calcium channel blockers
it increases the toxicity of calcium channel blockers
it increases the toxicity of calcium channel blockers
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Substrates
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Substrates
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Substrates
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with CYP3A4 Substrates
there is a additive effect when calcium channel blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
interaction of capreomycin with medication or fluid that causes electrolyte abnormalities may lead to adverse effects such as arrhythmias, seizures, and renal impairment
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the adverse effect of Antiarrhythmic Agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antiarrhythmic agents (class Ib)
may increase the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-Prolonging Inhalational Anesthetics
may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of each other when combined
pilsicainide hydrochloride increases the risk of arrhythmia when co-administered with other anti-arrhythmic agents
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Hormone Antagonists
may increase the serum concentration of each other when it is combined
may increase the serum concentration of each other when it is combined
may increase the serum concentration of each other when it is combined
may increase the serum concentration of each other when it is combined
spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide
may increase the toxicity of the drug by decreasing the renal clearance
may increase the toxicity of the drug by decreasing the renal clearance
may increase the toxicity of the drug by decreasing the renal clearance
may increase the toxicity of the drug by decreasing the renal clearance
may increase the toxicity of the drug by decreasing the renal clearance
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
Magnesium sulfate decreases striated muscle activity and inhibits peripheral neuromuscular transmission by limiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. It also blocks calcium entry through voltage-dependent, dihydropyridine-sensitive channels.
Adverse drug reactions:
Frequency Not Defined
Hypothermia
Hypocalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperkalemia
Visual changes
Depressed cardiac function
Diaphoresis
Pulmonary edema
Depressed reflexes
Circulatory collapse
Respiratory paralysis
Hypotension
Flushing
Drowsiness
Prolonged use of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women, especially for more than 5 to 7 days, is associated with a black box warning due to risks to fetal health. Extended exposure may result in low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and bone problems in the fetus, such as decreased bone density (osteopenia) and skeletal demineralization. In some instances, fractures have been observed in newborns.
Contraindication
Magnesium sulfate should not be used in individuals with a known allergy to the drug. It is also contraindicated in patients with heart block, as it may worsen impaired cardiac conduction. Although some manufacturers advise pausing magnesium sulfate infusion in preeclamptic or eclamptic patients two hours before delivery to avoid interactions with neuromuscular blockers used during surgery, discontinuing the drug could increase the risk of seizures and is generally not recommended.
Cautions
Pregnancy warnings:
Pregnancy category: D
Breastfeeding warnings:
Pregnancy Categories:
Category A: Satisfactory and well-controlled studies show no risk to the fetus in the first trimester or the later trimester.
Category B: No evidence shown of risk to the fetus found in animal reproduction studies, and there are not enough studies on pregnant women
Category C: Adverse effects on the fetus found with evidence in animal reproduction studies and no adequate evidence for a result in humans must take care of potential risks in pregnant women
Category D: There is adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Magnesium sulfate acts as a central nervous system depressant and neuromuscular blocker. It is primarily used to control life-threatening seizures in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, manage acute nephritis in children, and treat acute magnesium deficiency. It also functions as a uterine relaxant in cases of uterine tetany. Its effects are due to its ability to reduce neuromuscular excitability and inhibit calcium-mediated muscle contractions.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Data not available.
Distribution
Volume of distribution not reported; protein binding is approximately 25–30%.
Metabolism
Magnesium sulfate is not metabolized.
Elimination/Excretion
Excreted entirely through the kidneys, with the rate depending on serum magnesium levels and glomerular filtration.
Half-life: About 43.2 hours in newborns.
Clearance: Not specified.
Pharmacodynamics
ChatGPT said:
Magnesium sulfate is a colorless crystalline compound used as an anticonvulsant, laxative, and electrolyte supplement, particularly in the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It works by directly inhibiting action potentials in uterine muscle cells, reducing the frequency and strength of contractions. Additionally, it is increasingly used as a first-line treatment for certain arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes and those caused by tricyclic antidepressant overdose or digitalis toxicity.
Magnesium sulfate can be administered orally (PO), intramuscularly (IM), intraosseously (IO), or intravenously (IV). Each gram of magnesium sulfate provides approximately 98.6 mg or 8.12 mEq of elemental magnesium. For IV use, it is often diluted in 5% dextrose in water (D5W) to prepare infusion solutions.
Patient Information Leaflet
Generic Name: magnesium sulfate
Pronounced: mag-NEE-see-um-SUL-fate
Why do we use magnesium sulfate?
Magnesium sulfate is an laxative and electrolyte used to treat occasional constipation and there by increases the water content in intestine.
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