Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Zovia 1/35E, Demulen 1/50, Kelnor 1/50
Synonyms :
ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate
Class :
Contraceptives
Brand Name :
Zovia 1/35E, Demulen 1/50, Kelnor 1/50
Synonyms :
ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate
Class :
Contraceptives
Dosage forms and strengths Â
Oral tablet Â
35 mcg-1 mgÂ
50 mcg-1 mgÂ
Products containing ethylenediol and estradiol ethynodiol come in dosage preparations of 21/ 28 days
Hormonally inert are the final seven tablets in 28-day dose formulations
Take one tablet by oral route at a consistent time daily once
Initiate on the starting day of menstrual cycle
This medication should not be regarded as effective as a contraceptive until the first seven days of continuous administration have passed; if any day other than the first day of the menstrual cycle is the commencement date of the beginning cycle, a non-hormonal contraceptive should be used as a backup during these first seven days
Dosage forms and strengths Â
Oral tablet Â
35 mcg-1 mgÂ
50 mcg-1 mgÂ
For adolescents postpubertal
Products containing ethylenediol and estradiol ethynodiol come in dosage preparations of 21/ 28 days
Hormonally inert are the final seven tablets in 28-day dose formulations
Take one tablet by oral route at a consistent time daily once
Initiate on the starting day of menstrual cycle
This medication should not be regarded as effective as a contraceptive until the first seven days of continuous administration have passed;
if any day other than the first day of the menstrual cycle is the commencement date of the beginning cycle, a non-hormonal contraceptive should be used as a backup during these first seven days
Refer adult dosingÂ
They may increase the thrombogenic effect when combined with asparaginase Products
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may diminish the serum concentration
may reduce the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
aprepitant: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
asunaprevir: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
atazanavir: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
brigatinib: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
carfilzomib: they may increase the thrombogenic effect of hormonal contraceptives
cladribine: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives
cobicistat: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
efavirenz: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
elagolix: they may diminish the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives
exenatide: they may diminish the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives
felbamate: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
fosaprepitant: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
griseofulvin: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
ivosidenib: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
ixazomib: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
lixisenatide: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives
mavacamten: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
mifepristone: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of hormonal contraceptives
mycophenolate mofetil: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
nirmatrelvir and ritonavir: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
oxcarbazepine: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
pitolisant: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
protease inhibitors: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
tazemetostat: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
cannabidiol: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may diminish the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Inducers
may diminish the serum concentration of each other when combined
may decrease the therapeutic effect of each other when combined
octreotide: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
exemestane: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
encorafenib: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
mobocertinib: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
omaveloxolone: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
pexidartinib: they may diminish the serum cocentration of hormonal contraceptives
tranexamic acid: they may increase the thrombogenic effect of hormonal contraceptives
fezolinetant: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists
may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists
may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists
may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists
may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
protease inhibitors may reduce the level of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
protease inhibitors may reduce the level of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
protease inhibitors may reduce the level of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
protease inhibitors may reduce the level of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
protease inhibitors may reduce the level of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
CYP3A4 Inducers may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may increase the levels of serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
may decrease the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may decrease the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
may increase the levels of serum concentration
etravirine: they may diminish the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptive
flibanserin: they may enhance the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
thalidomide: they may increase the thrombogenic effect of hormonal contraceptives
voriconazole: they may enhance the serum concentration of hormonal contraceptives
CYP3A4 inducers decrease the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
CYP3A4 inducers decrease the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
CYP3A4 inducers decrease the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
CYP3A4 inducers decrease the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
CYP3A4 inducers decrease the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
topiramate decreases the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
perampanel decreases the concentration of hormonal contraceptives in the serum
Actions and Spectrum:Â
Action:Â
The synthetic form of the hormone estrogen is ethinyl estradiol. It primarily functions by suppressing the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, thereby preventing the maturation and release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation).Â
Ethynodiol diacetate is a synthetic progestin, a derivative of norethindrone. It acts similarly to the natural hormone progesterone. Its main mechanisms include thickening cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm penetration, and altering the endometrium to make it less receptive to a fertilized egg, preventing implantation.Â
Spectrum:Â Â
Ethinyl estradiol has a broad spectrum of actions beyond contraception. It can help regulate menstrual cycles, reduce the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers, and help reducing symptoms of menopause including hot flashes.Â
Ethynodiol diacetate primary use is in combination with estrogen in birth control pills. Besides contraception, progestins like ethynodiol diacetate can also be used to treat menstrual irregularities, endometriosis, and in menopausal women as a component of hormone replacement treatment.Â
Frequency not defined Â
HeadacheÂ
NauseaÂ
Breast tendernessÂ
Uterine bleedingÂ
Black Box Warning:Â Â
Smoking cigarettes amplifies the likelihood of severe cardiovascular incidents when using combination oral contraceptives. This risk escalates with age and heavy smoking, particularly affecting women aged 35 and above.Â
Contraindication/Caution:Â Â
Pregnancy: These medications are contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal harm. They are intended for contraception and should not be used by pregnant individuals.Â
Breastfeeding: Use of ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate is not recommended while breastfeeding because they may have an impact on the baby and can enter breast milk.Â
History of blood clots: Individuals with a history of blood clots in veins should avoid these medications due to an increased risk of clot formation.Â
History of stroke or heart attack: If someone has a history of stroke, heart attack, or coronary artery disease, the use of ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate may not be recommended due to the increased risk of cardiovascular events.Â
Pregnancy warnings:    Â
Pregnancy category: XÂ
Lactation: Excreted into human milk is knownÂ
Pregnancy Categories:        Â
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.Â
Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.  Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.  Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology: Â
Ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate are both synthetic hormones commonly used in combination as oral contraceptives.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â Â
ethinyl estradiolÂ
Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic estrogen that mimics the actions of natural estrogen.Â
ethynodiol diacetateÂ
Ethynodiol diacetate is a synthetic progestin derived from norethindrone. It acts similarly to the body’s natural progesterone. Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
Ethinyl estradiol is well absorbed orally and is rapidly and extensively metabolized during its first pass through the liver. Â
Ethynodiol diacetate is well absorbed orally.Â
DistributionÂ
After absorption, ethinyl estradiol binds strongly to plasma proteins such as albumin. It is distributed widely throughout the body, including in tissues. Â
After absorption, ethynodiol diacetate binds to plasma proteins. It is distributed throughout the body and can cross the blood-brain barrier.Â
MetabolismÂ
Ethinyl estradiol undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, primarily via hydroxylation and conjugation pathways. Cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, play a significant role in its metabolism. Â
Ethynodiol diacetate is metabolized in the liver. It undergoes hydrolysis of the diacetate groups to form the active hormone, norethindrone, which subsequently undergoes further metabolism.Â
Excretion and EliminationÂ
Metabolites of ethinyl estradiol and some unchanged drugs are excreted in bile and subsequently eliminated in feces.Â
A portion of the metabolites is also excreted in urine.Â
Metabolites of ethynodiol diacetate are primarily eliminated in urine and feces.Â
Administration: Â
The specific administration of these medications may vary depending on the brand and formulation, so it’s essential to follow your doctor’s instructions and the information provided with the medication. Typically, a pack of ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate contains 21 active pills and seven inactive pills or placebo pills.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetateÂ
Why do we use ethinyl estradiol and ethynodiol diacetate?Â
These medications are used to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to hinder sperm from entering the uterus, and altering the uterine lining, making it less suitable for implantation of a fertilized egg.Â
They can help regulate menstrual cycles, making them more predictable and reducing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.Â
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