Microplastics and Misinformation: What Science Really Says
November 12, 2025
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Brand Name :
Lopressor
(United States) [Available] ,Kapspargo Sprinkle
(United States) [Available] ,Toprol XL
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
Metoprolol
Class :
Beta-Blockers, Beta-1 Selective
Brand Name :
Lopressor
(United States) [Available] ,Kapspargo Sprinkle
(United States) [Available] ,Toprol XL
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
Metoprolol
Class :
Beta-Blockers, Beta-1 Selective
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Adult
Injectable solution
1mg/ml
Tablet
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
Tablet (extended release)
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
200 mg
Capsule (extended release)
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
200 mg
IR tablets
Initial dose:
100
mg
Orally
once a day
Maintenance dose: 100-450 mg orally once a day
ER tablets:
Initial dose: 25-100 mg orally once a day
Maintenance dose: 100-400 mg orally once a day
IR tablets
Initial dose:
50
mg
Orally
twice a day
Maintenance dose: 100-400 mg orally once a day
ER tablets:
Initial dose: 100 mg orally once a day
Maintenance dose: 100-400 mg orally once a day
Early Treatment
Initial dose::
5
mg
Intravenous (IV)
every 2 minutes as tolerated for three doses
tolerance dose: 50 mg orally every 6 hours; continued for two days
intolerance dose:25-50 mg orally every 6 hours depending on the rate of intolerance
Late Treatment:
Maintenance dose: 100 mg orally twice a day
Congestive Heart Failure:
25 mg orally once a day; double dose every two weeks up to 200 mg orally once a day
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Injectable solution
1mg/ml
Tablet
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
Tablet (extended release)
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
200 mg
Capsule (extended release)
25 mg
50 mg
100 mg
200 mg
ER TABLETS
Age: > 6 years old
:
Initial dose: 1 mg/kg orally once a day
Maximum dose: 2 mg/kg orally once a day
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with tasimelteon
beta
beta
beta
beta
beta
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
it may enhance the effects when combined with lofexidine by pharmacodynamic synergism
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
The interaction may enhance the drug serum levels of benzodiazepine agonist hypnotics
The interaction may enhance the drug serum levels of benzodiazepine agonist hypnotics
The interaction may enhance the drug serum levels of benzodiazepine agonist hypnotics
The interaction may enhance the drug serum levels of benzodiazepine agonist hypnotics
The interaction may enhance the drug serum levels of benzodiazepine agonist hypnotics
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cannabis
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cannabis
metoprolol: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Inhibitors
metoprolol: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Inhibitors
metoprolol: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Inhibitors
metoprolol: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Inhibitors
metoprolol: they may enhance the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Inhibitors
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
fedratinib increases the effect of metoprolol by altering the intestinal/ hepatic CYP2D6 enzyme metabolism
it may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers 
it may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
it may increase the bradycardic effect of Beta-Blockers
it may increase the bradycardic effect of Beta-Blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Beta-Blockers
may decrease the levels of serum potassium
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypertension on epinephrine
may enhance the serum concentration of Beta-Blockers
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with mepivacaine
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
an increase in serum concentration of potassium can be noticed when amiloride is administered with metoprolol
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
an alteration in the therapeutic activity of either of the drugs may be seen
the rate of metabolism may be altered
Action and Spectrum:
Metoprolol targets beta-1 adrenergic receptors, which lowers adrenaline and noradrenaline effects. This results in decreased heart rate, weaker contractions, and reduced renin release.
Adverse reaction:
1-10%
Dizziness
Headache
Tiredness
Pruritus
Bradycardia
Rash
Dyspnea
Cold extremities
Heartburn
Xerostomia
Wheezing
Bronchospasm
Constipation
Dyspepsia
Heart failure
Frequency Not Defined
Raynaud phenomenon
Decreased exercise tolerance
Post marketing reports
Male impotence
Reversible alopecia
Arthralgia
Agranulocytosis
Hallucinations
Hepatitis
Dry eyes
Black box warning:
None
Contraindications/caution:
Contraindications:
Hypersensitivity
History of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema
Cautions:
Hypotension
Cough
Angioedema
Renal Function Impairment
Hyperkalemia
Pregnancy Warnings:
Pregnancy category: N/A
Lactation: Excretion of the drug into the human breast milk is known
Pregnancy categories:
Pharmacology:
Metoprolol inhibits beta-1-adrenergic receptors in cardiac cells, that reduces cardiac output through negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, with no activity on beta-2 receptors.
Pharmacodynamics:
Metoprolol administration in normal individuals reduces heart rate and cardiac output due to decreased cardiac excitability, output, and oxygen demand.
Pharmacokinetic:
Absorption:
It shows bioavailability around 40% to 50% in immediate-release while around 65% to 77% in extended-release
Distribution
It has a volume of distribution of approximately 3.2 to 5.6 L/kg
Metabolism
It undergoes metabolism in liver.
Excretion and elimination:
It is excreted in urine.
Administration:
It is taken through oral route.
Patient information leaflet Â
Generic Name: metoprololÂ
Pronounced: me-toe-proe-loleÂ
Why do we use metoprolol?Â
Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker primarily used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions. It is commonly prescribed for hypertension to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. In patients with angina pectoris, it helps reduce myocardial oxygen demand, improving exercise tolerance and decreasing chest pain. Metoprolol is also a key component in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, where it improves symptoms and reduces mortality. Following a myocardial infarction, it is used both acutely and for long-term prevention of further cardiac events. Additionally, metoprolol is effective in controlling heart rate in arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia.Â
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