Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Gocovri, Osmolex ER
Synonyms :
amantadine
Class :
Dopamine agonists, Antiparkinson agents, Antivirals
Brand Name :
Gocovri, Osmolex ER
Synonyms :
amantadine
Class :
Dopamine agonists, Antiparkinson agents, Antivirals
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Extended-release tablets
129mg
193mg
258mg
Syrup
50mg/5ml
Immediate-release Tablet or Capsule
100mg
Extended-release capsule
68.5mg
137mg
Extended-release capsule
137mg orally every night at bedtime
After one week, increase to the recommended dose of 274 mg orally every night at bedtime
Extended-release tablets
129mg orally daily in the morning can increase the dose weekly
Do not exceed 322mg/day
There is no equivalent dose or dosing schedule for extended-release tablets for people who can't take more than 100 mg/day of immediate-release amantadine
Immediate-release tablet or capsule
100mg/day orally initially
After one week, it may increase to 100 mg every 12 hours and escalate to 400 mg/day in divided doses
Indicated for Prophylaxis of Influenza A :
Immediate release tablets
200mg orally in a single dose
may divide the daily dose into one 100 mg dose every 12 hours
Indicated for Parkinson disease-related dyskinesia:
137mg orally at bedtime every day
After one week, increase the recommended night time oral dosage to 274 mg.
Extrapyramidal Effects Drug Induced
Extended-release tablets
129 mg orally at bedtime every day, can increase the dose weekly.
Do not exceed 322mg/day.
Immediate release tablets
100mg orally twice a day. Do not exceed 300 mg/day
Dose Adjustments
Renal Impairment
Immediate release tablets
CrCl 30-50 mL/min: 200 mg orally on the first day, followed by 100 mg/day orally
CrCl 15-29 mL/min: 200 mg orally on the initial day, followed by 100 mg orally on an alternate day
CrCl <15 mL/min or hemodialysis: 200 mg orally once per week
Extended-release capsule
Moderate (CrCl 60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2): No dose change is required
Moderate (CrCl 30-59 mL/min/1.73m2): 68.5 mg every night at bedtime; may increase to 137 mg qHS after one week if needed; not to exceed 137 mg qHS.
Severe (CrCl 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2): 68.5 mg every night at bedtime
renal failure (CrCl<15 mL/min/1.73m2): Contraindicated
Hemodialysis: removed ineffectively
Extended-release tablets
Mild (CrCl 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2): Increase dosage weekly; take one dose every day
Moderate (CrCl 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2): Increase dose every three weeks; take one dose every day
Severe (CrCl 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m2): Increase every four weeks; take one dosage every 96 hours.
Kidney failure (CrCl<15 mL/min/1.73 m2): Avoided in patients
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Syrup
50mg/5ml
Immediate-release Tablet or Capsule
100mg
Indicated for Prophylaxis of Influenza A :
1–9 years: 200 mg orally daily or divided in to 2 times a day
9 to 12 years: 100 mg taken orally every twelve hours
>65 years old: Treatment should depend on renal function
Influenza A Prevention or Treatment 65 years and older: a single dosage of 100 mg orally
may have an increased risk of adverse effects when combined with tropicamide
may decrease the therapeutic effect of antiviral agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may enhance the risk of QTc prolongation when amoxapine is combined
may enhance the risk of QTc prolongation when amoxapine is combined
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may have an increased serotonin syndrome when combined with amantadine
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
the efficacy of Dopamine agonists will be decreased when alizapride is used in combination
the efficacy of Dopamine agonists will be decreased when amisulpride is used in combination
dopamine agonists' efficacy will decrease when metoclopramide is used in combination
the efficacy of dopamine agonists will be decreased when sulpride is used in combination
the efficacy of dopamine agonists is decreased with methotrimeprazine when combined
carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the levels of serum concentration of amantadine
carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the levels of serum concentration of amantadine
carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the levels of serum concentration of amantadine
carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the levels of serum concentration of amantadine
carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the levels of serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the activity
may enhance the activity
may enhance the activity
may enhance the activity
may enhance the activity
may increase the toxic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may increase the toxic effect of NMDA receptor antagonists
may increase the toxic effect of amantadine
may increase the toxic effect of anti-Parkinson agents
may increase the toxic effect of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic agents
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may enhance the serum concentration of amantadine
may diminish the serum concentration of amantadine
may diminish the serum concentration of amantadine
may diminish the serum concentration of amantadine
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with alkalinizing agents
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with alkalinizing agents
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with alkalinizing agents
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with alkalinizing agents
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with alkalinizing agents
it may diminish the therapeutic efficacy when combined with castor oil
it may enhance the risk of QTc prolongation when combined with amifampridine
ajmaline enhances the risk of QTc prolongation when combined with amantadine
spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
acetaminophen/dextromethorphan/pseudoephedrine/guaifenesin
It may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
brompheniramine, dextromethorphan and phenylephrine
It may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
It may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Dopamine agonists
tinidazole has the potential to reduce the rate of excretion of amantadine, potentially leading to an elevation in level of serum
When amantadine is used together with adenosine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of QTc prolongation
When amantadine is used together with isoflurophate, this leads to a reduction in the therapeutic effectiveness of amantadine
When amantadine is used together with givinostat, this leads to enhanced risk or severity of Qtc prolongation
amantadine: they may increase the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics
amantadine: they may increase the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics
amantadine: they may increase the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics
amantadine: they may increase the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics
amantadine: they may increase the hypertensive effect of sympathomimetics
amantadine leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of eucalyptus oil which leads to increased level of serum
cefpirome leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of amantadine which leads to increased level of serum
amantadine leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of chromous sulfate, which leads to an increased level of serum
amantadine leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of pentaerythritol tetranitrate, which leads to an increased level of serum
amantadine leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of potassium acetate, which leads to an increased level of serum
amantadine leads to a reduction in the rate of excretion of potassium perchlorate, which leads to an increased level of serum
When amantadine is used together with pegvisomant, this leads to reduced therapeutic effectiveness of amantadine
amantadine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
amantadine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
amantadine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
the combined use of amantadine and ambenonium may cause amantadine's therapeutic efficacy to decline
When amantadine is used together with profenamine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents may be enhanced
combining benzquinamide with amantadine may raise the risk or degree of adverse side effects
amantadine may diminish the excretion speed of hydroxyethyl starch, potentially leading to an elevated serum level
the risk or intensity of QTc prolongation can be heightened when ibandronate is combined with amantadine
amantadine may reduce the elimination rate of almasilate, potentially leading to elevated serum levels
glycopyrrolate inhaled and formoterol
may decrease the effect of each other by unspecified interaction mechanism
hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine/pseudoephedrine
may increase the anticholinergic agents
may increase the anti-cholinergic effect
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
acrivastine and pseudoephedrine
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the risk or severity of adverse effects when combined
may increase the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents
trimethoprim: they may increase the toxic effect of amantadine
spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Diuretics
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Diuretics
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Diuretics
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Diuretics
it may enhance the risk of nephrotoxicity when combined with Diuretics
It may enhance the risk of bleeding when combined with Dopamine antagonists
It may enhance the risk of bleeding when combined with Dopamine antagonists
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with biologic agents
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with biologic agents
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with biologic agents
may diminish the therapeutic effect of the drug
may diminish the therapeutic effect of the drug
may diminish the therapeutic effect of the drug
may diminish the therapeutic effect of the drug
may diminish the therapeutic effect of the drug
the effects of either of the drug may be effected when amantadine and caffeine is co-administered
side effects of bupropion are increased when dopamine agonist is combined
may enhance the serum concentration
may enhance the serum concentration
may enhance the serum concentration
may enhance the serum concentration
may enhance the serum concentration
an increase in the serum concentration of agmatine is seen when taken with amantadine
the excretory rate of amantadine may be reduced, leading to high serum levels of amantadine when combined with bumadizone
the excretory rate of amantadine may be reduced when taken with mofebutazone, which results in increased serum levels of amantadine
the risk of QTc prolongation may be increased
the therapeutic activity of amantadine may be decreased
the therapeutic activity of amantadine may be increased
the combined use of amantadine and ambenonium may cause amantadine's therapeutic efficacy to decline
the rate of excretion of amantadine may be reduced
the risk or extent of adverse effects can be increased when amantadine is combined with oxycodone
the risk of adverse effects may be increased
the activity of hyoscine may be increased
the therapeutic activity of amantadine can be decreased with zotepine
ceforanide: it may decrease the excretion rate of amantadine
Actions and Spectrum:
Frequency defined
>10%
Extended-release capsule
Dizziness (16%)
Peripheral edema (16%)
Fall (13%)
Hallucinations (21%)
Dry mouth (16%)
Constipation (13%)
Orthostatic hypotension (13%)
1-10%
Extended-release capsule (Gocovri)
Nausea (8%)
Insomnia (7%)
Livedo reticularis (6%)
Depression/depressed mood (6%)
Benign prostate hyperplasia (6%)
Abnormal dreams (4%)
Cough (3%)
Dystonia (3%)
Vomiting (3%)
Cataract (3%)
Joint swelling (3%)
Urinary tract infection (10%)
Anxiety (7%)
Contusion (6%)
Headache (6%)
Decreased appetite (6%)
Blurred vision (4%)
Pigmentation disorder (3%)
Confusional state (3%)
Gait disturbance (3%)
Dry eye (3%)
Muscle spasms (3%)
Immediate-release tablet/capsule or syrup
5-10%
Dizziness/lightheadedness
Nausea
Insomnia
1-5%
Anxiety and irritability
Confusion
Dry mouth
Ataxia
Peripheral edema
Headache
Nervousness
Agitation
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Depression
Hallucinations
Anorexia
Constipation
Livedo reticularis
Orthostatic hypotension
Somnolence
Dream abnormality
Dry nose
<1%
Immediate-release tablet/capsule or syrup
Psychosis
Dyspnea
Vomiting
Slurred speech
Euphoria
Thinking abnormality
Hyperkinesia
Congestive heart failure
Urinary retention
Skin rash
Weakness
Amnesia
Post-marketing reports
Seizures
Contraindications/caution:
Contraindications:
Caution:
Pregnancy consideration: Insufficient data available
Lactation: Excretion of the drug in human breast milk is known
Pregnancy category:
Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology:
Pharmacodynamics:
The pharmacodynamics of amantadine is the study of how the drug interacts with the body and produces its therapeutic effects. amantadine is a dopaminergic and glutamatergic drug with antiviral and antiparkinsonian effects.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption
amantadine is well absorbed orally, with a bioavailability of 86-90%. Its onset of action is within 48 hours for its antidyskinetic effects, and peak plasma concentration is reached 2-4 hours after the oral administration of capsules, tablets, or syrup. The peak plasma concentration is 0.24 mcg/mL for a 100-mg single dose and 328 ng/mL for a 129-mg single extended-release tablet dose. The AUC is 20-30% higher for the steady state of a single extended-release capsule dose and 8263 ng·hr/mL for a single extended-release tablet dose.
Distribution
amantadine is extensively protein-bound, with 67% bound to plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is 1.5-6.1 L/kg for capsules, tablets, or syrup and 3-8 L/kg for IV administration.
Metabolism
amantadine is not appreciably metabolized, with only small amounts of an acetyl metabolite identified.
Elimination and Excretion
The elimination half-life of amantadine is 16 hours, and clearance is 0.2-0.3 L/hr/kg for capsules, tablets, or syrup and 0.27 L/hr/kg for capsules, extended-release. amantadine is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion, with 80-90% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine. The extended-release tablets have a similar excretion pattern, with 85% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine and 0-15% excreted as an N-acetylated compound. The metabolism of amantadine accounts for only 5-18% of its total clearance. Urine pH can influence the excretion rate of amantadine.
Administration:
amantadine can be taken with or without food. The capsules, tablets, or syrup should be swallowed whole with a full glass of water. The extended-release capsules should be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed.
Storage:
Temperature excursions of 15-30°C (59-86°F) are permissible between 20-25°C (68-77°F).
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: amantadine
Why do we use amantadine?
amantadine has several uses, including:
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