Performance Comparison of Microfluidic and Immunomagnetic Platforms for Pancreatic CTC Enrichment
November 15, 2025
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Brand Name :
Terrell, Forane
Synonyms :
isoflurane
Class :
General Anesthetics
Brand Name :
Terrell, Forane
Synonyms :
isoflurane
Class :
General Anesthetics
Dosage forms and strengths Â
Inhalation solutionÂ
250 mlÂ
100 mlÂ
Indicated for anesthesia induction
The recommended induction dose is 1.5 to 3%, which creates anesthesia for surgery in seven to ten minutes
The recommended maintenance dose is 1 to 2.5 % when nitrous oxide is utilized
0.5 to 1 % is the extra dose that is required when oxygen is utilized alone
Not indicatedÂ
Refer adult dosingÂ
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased Effect of CNS depressant when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased Effect of CNS depressant when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased effect of a CNS depressant when combined with cannabinoid products
may have an increased effect of a CNS depressant when combined with cannabinoid products
CNS Depressants: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of antihistamines
CNS Depressants: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of antihistamines
CNS Depressants: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of antihistamines
CNS Depressants: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of antihistamines
CNS Depressants: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of antihistamines
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with opioid agonists
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
may have an increased neuromuscular-blocking effect when combined with neuromuscular-blocking agents
when both drugs are combined, there may be an increase in qtc interval  
may increase the CNS depressant of opioid agonists
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with flunitrazepam
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with flunitrazepam
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with suvorexant
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with buprenorphine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with zolpidem
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with dexmedetomidine
may have an increased Effect of a CNS depressant when combined with oxycodone
It may increase the arrhythmogenic effect when combined with epinephrine (Systemic)
dexmedetomidine: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
ropeginterferon alfa 2b: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
obinutuzumab: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
cimetropium: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
guanethidine: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
potassium phosphate: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
nitroglycerin: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
cocaine: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
rimonabant has the potential to intensify the effects of additional central nervous system depressants, including alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids, resulting in heightened sedation or respiratory depression
QTc interval increases on taking isoflurane and lenvatinib together. Avoid or take an alternate drug
both lapatinib and isoflurane increase the QTc interval
when used together, azithromycin and isoflurane both increase the QTc interval
when used together, entrectinib and isoflurane both increase the QTc interval
when used together, encorafenib and isoflurane both increase the QTc interval
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
it increases the efficacy of CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with flunarizine
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
CNS depressants increase the efficacy of thalidomide
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with orphenadrine
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with paraldehyde
bromperidol: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
revefenacin: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
betahistine: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
doxofylline: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
CNS depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of cannabinoid-Containing products
CNS depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of cannabinoid-Containing products
CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid agonists
CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid agonists
CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid agonists
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
could increase the vasopressor action
inhalational anesthetics increase the effect of hypotension of calcium channel blockers
inhalational anesthetics increase the effect of hypotension of calcium channel blockers
inhalational anesthetics increase the effect of hypotension of calcium channel blockers
inhalational anesthetics increase the effect of hypotension of calcium channel blockers
inhalational anesthetics increase the effect of hypotension of calcium channel blockers
when ajmaline is used together with isoflurane, the risk or seriousness of QTc prolongation is enhanced
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with alcohol
When isoflurane is used together with levosulpiride, the risk or seriousness of CNS depression is enhanced
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with general anesthesia
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with general anesthesia
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with general anesthesia
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with general anesthesia
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with general anesthesia
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with inorganic compounds
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with inorganic compounds
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with inorganic compounds
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with alcohol
When isoflurane is used together with profenamine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
CNS depressants increase the effect of sedation of pramipexole
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the CNS depressant effect
may increase the hypotensive effect of calcium channel blockers
may have an increased CNS depressive effect of CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressive effect when combined with CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
they increase the toxicity of other CNS depressants
it increases the toxicity of CNS depressants
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with cannabinoid-containing products
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with cannabinoid-containing products
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may increase the toxic effect of CNS depressants
may increase the toxic effect of CNS depressants
may increase the arrhythmogenic effect of Inhalational Anaesthetics
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with brexanolone
metoclopramide: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
minocycline (Systemic): they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
may increase the toxic effect of CNS Depressants
may increase the serotonergic effects
they increase the effect of sedation of ropinirole
metyrosine: they may increase the sedative effect of CNS Depressants
The sedative effect of rotigotine might be intensified by the presence of CNS Depressants
perampanel: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
ozanimod: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
may have an increased CNS depressant effect when combined with CNS depressants
valerian: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
potassium citrate: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
lutropin alfa: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
solriamfetol: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
aminolevulinic acid: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
sparsentan: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
indoramin: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
lithium: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
methylphenidate: they may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants
When isoflurane is used together with acetazolamide, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
When isoflurane is used together with acetophenazine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
When isoflurane is used together with alimemazine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
When isoflurane is used together with almotriptan, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
When isoflurane is used together with alosetron, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
When isoflurane is used together with alprazolam, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of CNS depression
aldesleukin: it may decrease the excretion rate of abacavir CNS depressant
acetazolamide: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
aceclofenac: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
acebutolol: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
balsalazide: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
mepyramine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
acrivastine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
alfentanil: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
baricitinib: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
baclofen: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
carbidopa: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
dabrafenib: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
dapagliflozin: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
amantadine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
benzphetamine: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
anagrelide: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
benzyl alcohol: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
mianserin: it may increase the risk or severity of CNS depression
anakinra: it may decreased the serum concentration of CNS depressants
bortezomib: it may increase the metabolism of CNS depressants
brivaracetam: it may increase the metabolism of CNS depressants
carvedilol: it may increase the metabolism of CNS depressants
may increase the CNS depressant effect of CNS depressants
CNS depressants increase the effect of zolpidem
it increases the effect of CNS depressants
Actions and Spectrum:Â
Action:Â
Central Nervous System Depression: isoflurane primarily acts on the central nervous system (CNS), leading to a reversible depression of neuronal activity. It reduces the brain’s sensitivity to external stimuli, resulting in unconsciousness and loss of sensation.Â
Hypnotic and Amnestic Effects: isoflurane provides a state of hypnosis, where the patient is rendered unconscious and unaware of their surroundings. It also has amnestic effects, causing temporary memory impairment during and after administration.Â
Spectrum:Â
Induction of General Anesthesia: isoflurane is used to induce general anesthesia in patients before surgery or other medical procedures. It quickly and effectively produces unconsciousness and insensitivity to pain.Â
Maintenance of Anesthesia: isoflurane is also used to maintain general anesthesia during surgical procedures. Its rapid onset and offset make it a versatile choice for adjusting the depth of anesthesia as needed.Â
Frequency not defined Â
abnormally fast/slow heart rateÂ
low blood pressure Â
shallow breathingÂ
shiveringÂ
vomitingÂ
upset stomachÂ
Black Box Warning:Â Â
None
Contraindication/Caution:Â Â
Known hypersensitivity: Individuals with a known hypersensitivity or allergy to isoflurane or related compounds should not receive this anesthetic.Â
Severe hepatic (liver) impairment: isoflurane is metabolized by the liver, so patients with severe hepatic dysfunction may be at risk of drug accumulation and adverse effects.Â
Severe renal (kidney) impairment: While isoflurane is primarily excreted through the lungs, renal function may still play a role in its elimination. Patients with severe kidney impairment may be at higher risk for side effects.Â
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The safety of isoflurane during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not well-established, and it should be used with caution in these situations, weighing the potential risks and benefits.Â
Cardiovascular instability: isoflurane can cause vasodilation and decrease blood pressure. Patients with severe cardiovascular instability may not be suitable candidates for isoflurane anesthesia.Â
Pregnancy warnings:    Â
Pregnancy category: N/AÂ
Lactation: Excreted into human milk is unknownÂ
Pregnancy Categories:        Â
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.Â
Category B: There were a lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal experiments.  Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.  Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology: isoflurane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that is used in clinical settings to induce and maintain general anesthesia during surgery.Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â Â
isoflurane exerts its anesthetic effects by interacting with various receptors and ion channels in the central nervous system, it is believed to involve modulation of neurotransmitter release, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and glycine receptors. These interactions result in neuronal inhibition and ultimately produce the desired state of anesthesia. Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
Upon inhalation, isoflurane is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs due to its high volatility.Â
DistributionÂ
isoflurane is highly distributed throughout the body, including the brain, where it exerts its anesthetic effect.Â
isoflurane’s distribution is rapid, and its effects take hold quickly.Â
MetabolismÂ
isoflurane is minimally metabolized in the body. It primarily undergoes physical elimination through the respiratory system.Â
Excretion and EliminationÂ
isoflurane is primarily eliminated from the body via exhalation through the lungs. The rate of elimination depends on factors such as the ventilation rate, lung capacity, and the concentration of isoflurane in the body.
Administration: Â
Before administering isoflurane, the patient’s medical history, physical condition, and any potential contraindications should be assessed. This includes reviewing the patient’s allergies, current medications, and overall health.Â
Isoflurane is administered through the anesthesia machine’s vaporizer. The concentration of isoflurane is precisely controlled to maintain the desired level of anesthesia. The flow of oxygen is adjusted to provide the necessary gas mixture.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: isofluraneÂ
Why do we use isoflurane? Â
isoflurane is employed for the initiation and maintenance of general anesthesia in patients experiencing a broad spectrum of surgical interventions, including both minor outpatient procedures and significant surgical interventions.Â
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