Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
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Brand Name :
Visken
Synonyms :
pindolol
Class :
Intrinsic Sympathomimetic, Beta-Blockers
Brand Name :
Visken
Synonyms :
pindolol
Class :
Intrinsic Sympathomimetic, Beta-Blockers
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Tablet
5mgÂ
10mgÂ
5
mg
Orally 
twice a day; may increase up to 10 mg
3 - 4
week
(Off-label)
indicated for Chronic Stable Angina:
15 - 40
mg/day
Orally 
dose divided every 4 hours
Safety & efficacy not established
Refer adult dosing
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
may increase the AV blocking effect of alpha2 agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
it increases the effect of bradycardia of Beta-Blockers
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
It may enhance the effects when combined with chloroprocaine by pharmacodynamic synergism
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with CYP1A2 inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with CYP1A2 inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with CYP1A2 inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with CYP1A2 inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with CYP1A2 inhibitors
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may diminish the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may diminish the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may diminish the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
Beta-blockers increase the concentration of bupivacaine in the serum
Beta-Blockers decrease the efficacy of dobutamine
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Proton pump inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Proton pump inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Proton pump inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Proton pump inhibitors
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Proton pump inhibitors
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
Action and Spectrum:Â
pindolol has a short half-life, which means that it is quickly metabolized and eliminated from the body. This makes it a good option for patients who may not tolerate longer-acting beta-blockers. However, because of its non-selective action, pindolol may be less effective than more selective beta-blockers in certain situations, such as in the treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Â
Overall, the spectrum of action for pindolol includes reducing heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output, which can be useful in the treatment of hypertension, angina, and some heart rhythm disorders. Its mild stimulatory effect on the heart may make it a good option for some patients who may not tolerate other beta-blockers. However, its non-selective action may limit its use in certain patient populations.Â
Frequency definedÂ
1-10%Â
Dizziness (9%)Â
Muscle pain (10%)Â
Fatigue (8%)Â
Elevated liver enzymes (7%)Â
Insomnia (10%)Â
Nervousness (7%)Â
Joint pain (7%)Â
Vivid dreams (5%)Â
Edema (6%)Â
Abdominal discomfort (4-5%)Â
Muscle cramps (3%)Â
Nausea (4-5%)Â
Paresthesias (3%)Â
Cold extremities (2%)Â
Bradycardia (2%)Â
None
Contraindication / Caution:Â
pindolol is contraindicated in patients with:Â
pindolol should also be used with caution in patients with:Â
Â
Pregnancy warnings:   
Pregnancy category: B
Lactation:Â Excreted into human milk is unknown
Pregnancy Categories:     
Category A: Studies that were well-controlled and met expectations revealed no risk to the fetus in either the first or second trimester.
Category B: There were lack of studies on pregnant women and no evidence of risk to the foetus in animal experiments.
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D: adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Pharmacology:Â
pindolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as beta-blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and certain heart conditions such as angina pectoris (chest pain) and arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats)Â
Pharmacodynamics:Â
pindolol works by blocking the action of adrenaline and other stress hormones on the beta-receptors located in the heart and blood vessels. By doing so, it reduces the workload on the heart and helps to relax the blood vessels, which in turn lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
pindolol is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-2 hours. Â
DistributionÂ
pindolol is highly protein-bound (over 90%) and has a large volume of distribution. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and can also enter breast milk.Â
MetabolismÂ
pindolol is primarily metabolized by the liver via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system, specifically the CYP2D6 isoenzymeÂ
Elimination and ExcretionÂ
pindolol and its metabolites are eliminated via the kidneys, with approximately 40% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine. The half-life of pindolol is about 3-4 hoursÂ
Administration:Â
pindolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta-blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and some heart rhythm disorders.Â
pindolol is usually taken orally in tablet form. The typical dose of pindolol for adults is 5-10 mg, two or three times per day.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: pindololÂ
Why do we use pindolol?Â
pindolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta-blockers. It works by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels, which results in the slowing of heart rate and the relaxation of blood vessels, leading to a reduction in blood pressure.Â
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