Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
No Data Available.
Synonyms :
Timolol
Class :
Antihypertensive and beta blockers
Brand Name :
No Data Available.
Synonyms :
Timolol
Class :
Antihypertensive and beta blockers
Dosage Forms & Strengths Â
Tablet Â
5mg Â
10mg Â
20mg Â
10 - 20
mg
Orally
every 12 hrs
Maintenance: 20-40 mg once a day
Do not exceed 60 mg per day
10
mg
Orally
every 12 hrs
15 - 45
mg
once a day
6 - 8
hrs
Initial:
10
mg
Orally
every 12 hrs
Titrate to 10-30 mg per day
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with siponimod
may have an increased Av-blocking effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may increase the vasoconstricting effect
may increase the vasoconstricting effect
may increase the vasoconstricting effect
may increase the vasoconstricting effect
may increase the vasoconstricting effect
It may enhance the effects when combined with chloroprocaine by pharmacodynamic synergism
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
timolol excretion rate may be slowed by diatrizoate, thus raising the serum level
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
buflomedil may lessen Timolol's antihypertensive effects
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may diminish the effects of pharmacodynamic antagonism
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with nifedipine
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with mepivacaine
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the AV-blocking effect
may increase the AV-blocking effect
may increase the AV-blocking effect
may increase the AV-blocking effect
may increase the AV-blocking effect
It may enhance the risk of adverse reactions when combined with Endogenous metabolites
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with cholinergic agonists
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
there is a additive effect when calcium channel blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when calcium channel blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
there is a additive effect when beta- antiarrhythmics are combined with antiglaucoma agents
systemic beta blockade is shown when CYP2D6 inhibtors are combined in use with antiglaucoma agents
systemic beta blockade is shown when CYP2D6 inhibtors are combined in use with antiglaucoma agents
systemic beta blockade is shown when CYP2D6 inhibtors are combined in use with antiglaucoma agents
systemic beta blockade is shown when CYP2D6 inhibtors are combined in use with antiglaucoma agents
systemic beta blockade is shown when CYP2D6 inhibtors are combined in use with antiglaucoma agents
blood sugar levels can be seen additionally reduced when antidiabetic drugs are used in combination with anti glaucoma agents
blood sugar levels can be seen additionally reduced when antidiabetic drugs are used in combination with anti glaucoma agents
blood sugar levels can be seen additionally reduced when antidiabetic drugs are used in combination with anti glaucoma agents
blood sugar levels can be seen additionally reduced when antidiabetic drugs are used in combination with anti glaucoma agents
blood sugar levels can be seen additionally reduced when antidiabetic drugs are used in combination with anti glaucoma agents
Action:Â
Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that inhibits both β1 and β2 receptors. It works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. This makes it effective in the treatment of conditions like open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. When used systemically, timolol decreases heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure by blocking sympathetic stimulation of the heart, making it useful in managing hypertension, angina, and preventing migraines.Â
SpectrumÂ
Timolol is used topically (ophthalmically) for glaucoma and ocular hypertension, and systemically for hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and migraine prophylaxis.Â
Adverse drug reactions:  Â
Frequency defined Â
1-10%  Â
Fatigue Â
Headache Â
Dyspnea Â
Arrythmia Â
Bradycardia Â
Syncope Â
<1%  Â
Paresthesia Â
Nausea Â
Bronchospasm Â
Chest pain Â
Edema Â
Rales Â
Frequency Not Defined Â
Depression  Â
Decreased exercise tolerance
May worsen ischemic heart disease after sudden withdrawalÂ
Hypersensitivity to catecholamines has occurred on withdrawalÂ
Worsening of angina and, in isolated cases, occurrence of myocardial infarction after sudden withdrawalÂ
When it is necessary to discontinue long-term beta-blockers (especially in ischemic heart disease), gradually taper the dose over 1–2 weeks and observe closelyÂ
If angina becomes significantly worse or acute coronary insufficiency occurs, reinstitute beta-blocker therapy immediately, at least transiently, along with other appropriate measures for unstable anginaÂ
Advise patients to avoid interruption or discontinuation of beta-blocker therapy without a physician’s recommendationÂ
Contraindication:Â
Sick sinus syndrome Â
Hypersensitivity
Bronchial asthmaÂ
Caution:Â
Increased risk of stroke after surgery
Anesthesia/surgery (myocardial depression)
Sudden discontinuation can exacerbate angina and lead to myocardial infarctionÂ
Pregnancy warnings:    Â
US FDA pregnancy category: CÂ Â
Breastfeeding warnings: Â
The release of the drug into the human breastmilk is knownÂ
Pregnancy Categories:     Â
Category A: Satisfactory and well-controlled studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.     Â
Category B: No evidence shown of risk to the fetus found in animal reproduction studies, and there are not enough studies on pregnant women     Â
Category C: Adverse effects on the fetus found with evidence in animal reproduction studies and no adequate evidence for a result in humans must take care of potential risks in pregnant women     Â
Category D: There is adequate data available with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits     Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.     Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category
Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that inhibits both β1 and β2 receptors. In the eye, it reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor in the ciliary body, making it effective for treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Systemically, timolol decreases heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure by blocking sympathetic stimulation to the heart (β1 effect) and may also cause mild bronchoconstriction due to β2 blockade in the lungs.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
Timolol is rapidly absorbed after administration, Peak plasma concentrations are typically reached within 1 to 2 hours, and its effects last for about 4 hours.Â
DistributionÂ
Timolol has a volume of distribution of approximately 1.7 L/kg, indicating extensive tissue distribution, and about 60% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins.Â
MetabolismÂ
The drug is metabolized in the liver.Â
Excretion and EliminationÂ
Approximately 15-20% of timolol is excreted unchanged in the urine.Â
Timolol has an elimination half-life ranging from approximately 2 to 2.7 hours.Â
Timolol is administered through oral route.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: timololÂ
Pronounced: TYE-moe-loleÂ
Why do we use timolol? Â
Timolol is used both ophthalmically and systemically for a range of conditions. When applied as an eye drop, it is primarily used to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Systemically, when taken orally, timolol is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. It is also prescribed for the prophylaxis of migraines. Its beta-blocking action helps manage cardiovascular conditions and reduce elevated eye pressure effectively.Â
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