Long COVID Patterns in the RECOVER-Adult Study
November 21, 2025
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Brand Name :
Rhinocort Aqua, Rhinocort Allergy
Synonyms :
budesonide intranasal
Class :
Nasal Corticosteroid
Brand Name :
Rhinocort Aqua, Rhinocort Allergy
Synonyms :
budesonide intranasal
Class :
Nasal Corticosteroid
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Intranasal sprayÂ
32mcg/actuationÂ
Initial dose: Administer 1 spray in each nostril every day
Do not exceed 4 sprays in each nostril for a day
Administer 2 sprays in each nostril every day. Reduce the amount to 1 spray in each nostril daily after allergy symptoms have improved
<12 years: Safety and efficacy not established
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
Intranasal sprayÂ
32mcg/actuationÂ
Initial dose: Administer 1 spray in each nostril every day
6 to 11 years: Do not exceed 2 sprays in each nostril for a day
≥12 years: Do not exceed 4 sprays in each nostril for a day
<6 years: Safety and efficacy not established
Indicated for Rhinocort Allergy (OTC) :
6 to 12 years: Administer 1 spray in each nostril every day. Increase to two nasal sprays each day if allergy symptoms are not subsided
≥12 years: Administer 2 sprays in each nostril every day. Once allergic symptoms have subsided, lower the dosage to 1 spray/nostril daily
<6 years: Safety and efficacy not established
Refer to adult dosingÂ
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines
vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (Rx)
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines
poliovirus vaccine, live, trivalent
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
poliovirus vaccine inactivated
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine, live
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of vaccines
measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine, live (Rx)
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of rubella- or varicella-containing live vaccines
measles mumps and rubella vaccine, live
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of rubella- or varicella-containing live vaccines
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of rubella- or varicella-containing live vaccines
vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (Rx)
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of rubella- or varicella-containing live vaccines
may enhance the risk of adverse/toxic effect of rubella- or varicella-containing live vaccines
may increase the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may increase the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may increase the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may increase the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may increase the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may reduce the rate of bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the rate of bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the rate of bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the rate of bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the rate of bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors
may reduce the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors
may reduce the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with car-t cell immunotherapy
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with covid-19 vaccine
respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, adjuvanted
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with influenza virus vaccines
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with influenza virus vaccines
poliovirus vaccine, live, trivalent
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with influenza virus vaccines
poliovirus vaccine inactivated
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with influenza virus vaccines
corticosteroids: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine, live 
corticosteroids: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
measles mumps and rubella vaccine, live
corticosteroids: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
corticosteroids: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine, live
corticosteroids: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of vaccines
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors
may diminish the anti-neoplastic activity of corticosteroids
may diminish the anti-neoplastic activity of corticosteroids
antacids May decrease the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids May decrease the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids May decrease the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids May decrease the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids May decrease the bioavailability of corticosteroids
choline magnesium trisalicylate
salicylates may increase the adverse effect of corticosteroids
corticosteroids may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of abrocitinib
neuromuscular-Blocking Agents may enhance the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
neuromuscular-Blocking Agents may enhance the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
neuromuscular-Blocking Agents may enhance the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
neuromuscular-Blocking Agents may enhance the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
neuromuscular-Blocking Agents may enhance the adverse neuromuscular effect of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effect
may increase the toxic effect
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of corticosteroids
may increase the tacrolimus immunosuppressive effect
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with upadacitinib
may decrease the therapeutic effect of hyaluronidase
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may diminish the bioavailability of Antacids
aluminum hydroxide/magnesium carbonateÂ
may decrease the bioavailability of antacids
may diminish the antineoplastic effect when combined
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined with metyrapone
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with abrocitinib
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with baricitinib
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined with coccidioides skin test
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with covid-19 vaccine
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased anticoagulant effect when combined with desirudin
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with influenza virus vaccines
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with leflunomide
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
antacids: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids
sipuleucel-T: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids
may diminish the bioavailability when combined with corticosteroids
may diminish the bioavailability when combined with corticosteroids
may diminish the absorption when combined with corticosteroids
may decrease the therapeutic effect of each other when combined
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
magnesium salts: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids A1
magnesium salts: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids A1
magnesium salts: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids A1
magnesium salts: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids A1
magnesium salts: they may diminish the bioavailability of corticosteroids A1
may have an increased adverse neuromuscular effect when combined with corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
may increase the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids
corticosteroids may diminish the antineoplastic effect of Aldesleukin
measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine, liveÂ
may increase the toxic effects of varicella virus containing vaccine
they enhance the toxicity of rubella or varicella-containing live vaccines
they enhance the toxicity of rubella or varicella-containing live vaccines
may diminish the anti-neoplastic activity
may diminish the diagnostic effect of macimorelin
may increase the hyponatremic effect of corticosteroids
may decrease the antineoplastic effect when combined with aldesleukin
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with talimogene laherparepvec
may decrease the antineoplastic effect when combined with aldesleukin
may have an increased hyponatremic effect when combined with desmopressin
may enhance the serum concentration when combined
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with BCG products
may increase the tachycardic effect of Beta2-Agonists
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with cladribine
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with dengue vaccine
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined with macimorelin
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with nadofaragene firadenovec
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with natalizumab
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
indium In-111 capromab pendetideÂ
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined
etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiolÂ
may increase the thrombogenic effect of Hormonal Contraceptives
It may decrease the antineoplastic effect when combined with Corticosteroids
desmopressin: they may increase the hyponatremic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with corticosteroids
corticosteroids May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of quinolones.
corticosteroids May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of quinolones.
may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists
may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists
may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists
may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists
may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
may diminish the therapeutic effect of immune Checkpoint inhibitors
may diminish the therapeutic effect of immune Checkpoint inhibitors
may diminish the therapeutic effect of immune Checkpoint inhibitors
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the risk of adverse effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may enhance the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may enhance the adverse effect of quinolones
may enhance the adverse effect of quinolones
may increase the effect of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the effect of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the effect of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the effect of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the effect of vitamin K antagonists
may increase the serum concentration
may increase the serum concentration
bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens
may increase the serum concentration
synthetic conjugated estrogens, a
may increase the serum concentration
synthetic conjugated estrogens, b
may increase the serum concentration
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with agents of urea cycle disorder
corticosteroids: they may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazides
corticosteroids: they may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazides
corticosteroids: they may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazides
corticosteroids: they may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazides
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
relugolix/​estradiol/​norethindrone
may have an increased fluid-retaining effect when combined with androgens
relugolix/estradiol/norethindrone
may have an increased fluid-retaining effect when combined with androgens
may have an increased fluid-retaining effect when combined with androgens
may have an increased fluid-retaining effect when combined with androgens
may have an increased fluid-retaining effect when combined with androgens
may diminish the absorption when combined with corticosteroids
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with cardiac glycosides
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with cardiac glycosides
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with cardiac glycosides
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
relugolix/​estradiol/​norethindrone
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
relugolix/estradiol/norethindrone
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
may increase the hypokalemic effect of loop diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of loop diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of loop diuretics
may increase the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may increase the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may increase the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may increase the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may increase the adverse effect of NSAIDs
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect of thiazide diuretics
corticosteroids: they may increase the anticoagulant effect of anticoagulants
corticosteroids: they may increase the anticoagulant effect of anticoagulants
corticosteroids: they may increase the anticoagulant effect of anticoagulants
corticosteroids: they may increase the anticoagulant effect of anticoagulants
corticosteroids: they may increase the anticoagulant effect of anticoagulants
may diminish the effect of each other when combined
may diminish the effect of each other when combined
may diminish the effect of each other when combined
may diminish the effect of each other when combined
sodium picosulfate, citric acid, and magnesium oxide
may diminish the effect of each other when combined
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with NSAIDs
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with agents of urea cycle disorder
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitor
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitor
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitor
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitor
may enhance the serum concentration of CYP3A4 inhibitor
it may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 
it may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
it may enhance the risk of adverse effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
it may enhance the risk of adverse effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the risk of adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may increase the fluid-retaining effect of androgens
corticosteroids may increase the fluid-retaining effect of androgens
corticosteroids may increase the fluid-retaining effect of androgens
corticosteroids may increase the fluid-retaining effect of androgens
corticosteroids may increase the fluid-retaining effect of androgens
bile Acid Sequestrants May reduce the absorption of corticosteroids
Corticosteroids may reduce the therapeutic effect of Brincidofovir
corticosteroids (Systemic) may reduce the therapeutic effect of calcitriol
corticosteroids may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of cladribine
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Growth Hormone Analogs
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Growth Hormone Analogs
Corticosteroids may diminish the therapeutic effect of Growth Hormone Analogs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of NSAIDs
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents
Corticosteroids may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents
corticosteroids may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and thiazide-Like diuretics
corticosteroids may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and thiazide-Like diuretics
corticosteroids may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and thiazide-Like diuretics
corticosteroids may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and thiazide-Like diuretics
may increase the adverse/toxic effect of dengue vaccine
may reduce the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may reduce the bioavailability of corticosteroids
may increase the fluid retaining effect
may increase the toxic effects
may increase the therapeutic effect
may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of corticosteroids
may increase the toxic effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
may increase the toxic effect
choline magnesium trisalicylate
may enhance the adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the serum concentration of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir
may increase the toxic effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents
may reduce the rate of absorption of corticosteroids
choline magnesium trisalicylate
may enhance the adverse effect of corticosteroids
may enhance the toxic effect of salicylates
may have a decreased diagnostic effect when combined with cosyntropin
may increase the hypokalemic effect of amphotericin
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin B
may decrease the bioavailability
may decrease the bioavailability
may decrease the bioavailability
may decrease the bioavailability
may decrease the bioavailability
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with Corticosteroids (ophthalmic)
It may enhance the serum concentration when combined with Corticosteroids (ophthalmic)
It may increase the adverse effects when combined with Corticosteroids (Ophthalmic)
It may increase the adverse effects when combined with Corticosteroids (Ophthalmic)
It may increase the adverse effects when combined with Corticosteroids (Ophthalmic)
It may increase the adverse effects when combined with Corticosteroids (Ophthalmic)
It may increase the adverse effects when combined with Corticosteroids (Ophthalmic)
estrogens esterified/methyltestosterone            Â
may enhance the serum concentration of estrogen derivatives
drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol/levomefolateÂ
may enhance the serum concentration of Estrogen Derivatives
They may diminish the absorption when combined with bile acid sequestrants
may decrease the diagnostic effect when combined with cosyntropin
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with corticosteroids
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may increase the risk of adverse effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
ciprofloxacin inhaled (Pending FDA approval)Â
May increase the toxic effect of Quinolones
may increase the toxic effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin b
antithymocyte globulin equineÂ
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with antithymocyte globulin
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with brincidofovir
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with calcitriol
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with corticorelin
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with deferasirox
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
synthetic conjugated estrogens, a
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
synthetic conjugated estrogens, b
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
cyproterone and ethinyl estradiolÂ
may enhance the serum concentration of Estrogen Derivatives
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: they may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: they may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: they may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: they may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: they may increase the toxic effect of corticosteroids
corticosteroids: they may decrease the diagnostic effect of cosyntropin
may enhance the serum concentration of each other when combined
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the concentration of serum when combined with corticosteroids
nirmatrelvir and ritonavir: they may enhance the serum concentration of corticosteroids
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with corticosteroids
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with corticosteroids
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Anticoagulants
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Anticoagulants
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Anticoagulants
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Anticoagulants
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Anticoagulants
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with agents of urea cycle disorder
sodium bicarbonate: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids A1
sodium phenylbutyrate: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids A1
probenecid: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids A1
valproic acid: they may decrease the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids A1
may decrease the anti-neoplastic effect of each other when combined
betamethasone + salicylic acidÂ
may enhance the serum concentration of corticosteroids
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may increase the hypokalemic effect when combined with thiazide diuretics
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased immunosuppressive effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased adverse effect when combined with corticosteroids
may have an increased hypokalemic effect when combined with amphotericin B
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with covid-19 vaccine
Actions and Spectrum:Â
Frequency definedÂ
1-10%Â
Pharyngitis (4%)Â
Cough (2%)Â
Nasal irritation (2%)Â
Epistaxis (8%)Â
Bronchospasm (2%)Â
Post-marketing reportsÂ
Increased intraocular pressureÂ
AnosmiaÂ
GlaucomaÂ
Nasal septum perforationÂ
Black box warning:Â
NoneÂ
Contraindications/caution:Â
Contraindications:Â
Caution:Â
Pregnancy consideration: budesonide is a relatively safe corticosteroid; it should be used cautiously during pregnancy.Â
Lactation: Excretion of the drug in human breast milk is known.Â
Pregnancy category:Â
Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.Â
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.Â
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.   Â
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.   Â
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.   Â
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this categoryÂ
Pharmacology:Â
budesonide acts by binding to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors. Once inside the cells, the drug-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to specific DNA sequences, leading to the regulation of gene transcription. This process ultimately suppresses the synthesis of various inflammatory mediators and proteins responsible for the inflammatory response.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
budesonide has low oral bioavailability when taken orally (PO). On the other hand, when administered intranasally, approximately 34% of the drug is absorbed through the nasal mucosa. The peak plasma time for budesonide is relatively rapid, occurring about 0.5 hours after administration. Currently, the peak plasma concentration reaches approximately 0.3 nmol/L. Â
DistributionÂ
budesonide is highly bound to plasma proteins, with approximately 85-90% of the drug bound in the bloodstream. This binding can influence the drug’s distribution and availability for action. The volume of distribution of budesonide is estimated to be between 2-3 L/kg, indicating that the drug is distributed relatively extensively throughout the body. Â
MetabolismÂ
budesonide is metabolized in the liver, primarily by the enzyme CYP3A4. The main metabolites formed are 16-alpha-hydroxy prednisolone and 6-beta-hydroxy budesonide.  Â
Elimination and ExcretionÂ
budesonide has a relatively short terminal half-life of 2-3 hours, indicating that it is rapidly cleared from the body. The total body clearance is estimated to be around 1-1.4 L/min. budesonide and its metabolites are eliminated from the body through feces (approximately 33%) and urine (approximately 66%).Â
Administration:Â
Intranasal administrationÂ
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: budesonide intranasalÂ
Why do we use budesonide intranasal?Â
budesonide intranasal is primarily used to treat nasal symptoms associated with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. It is a corticosteroid medication with potent anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages and alleviate the following symptoms:Â
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