Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
Free CME credits
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
Brand Name :
Atropine PO,Atreza,Saltropine
Synonyms :
atropine
Class :
Antispasmodic agents, Anticholinergic agents,Antidote
Brand Name :
Atropine PO,Atreza,Saltropine
Synonyms :
atropine
Class :
Antispasmodic agents, Anticholinergic agents,Antidote
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
0.4mgÂ
Indicated for Bradyarrhythmia:
0.4 to 1mg intravenous every 2 hours as needed
0.4mg to 0.6mg intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscularly
Dosage Forms & StrengthsÂ
TabletÂ
0.4mgÂ
Indicated for Bradyarrhythmia:
0.02mg/kg/dose intravenous, which can repeat every 5 minutes
Refer adult dosingÂ
may increase the constipating effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
atropine: they may increase the bradycardic effect of Bradycardia-Causing Agents
atropine: they may increase the bradycardic effect of Bradycardia-Causing Agents
atropine: they may increase the bradycardic effect of Bradycardia-Causing Agents
atropine: they may increase the bradycardic effect of Bradycardia-Causing Agents
atropine: they may increase the bradycardic effect of Bradycardia-Causing Agents
may diminish the excretion rate of amantadine
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the constipating effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the diagnostic effect of atropine
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the ulcerogenic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the ulcerogenic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
they increase the anticholinergic effect of tiotropium
anticholinergic agents increase the efficacy of cimetropium
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of constipation of eluxadoline
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
anticholinergic agents increase the ulcer-producing effect of potassium chloride
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic drugs
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of cimetropium
it increases the effect of constipation of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of ulcer formation of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of tiotropium
may diminish the rate of excretion which results in higher serum level
may diminish the rate of excretion which results in higher serum level
may diminish the rate of excretion which results in higher serum level
may diminish the rate of excretion which results in higher serum level
may diminish the rate of excretion which results in higher serum level
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the anticholinergic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may decrease the therapeutic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the serum concentration of anticholinergic agents
may increase the serum concentration of anticholinergic agents
may increase the serum concentration of anticholinergic agents
may increase the serum concentration of anticholinergic agents
may increase the toxic effect of anticholinergic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the effect of gastrointestinal drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may increase the tachycardic effect
may increase the tachycardic effect
May enhance the tachycardic effect
May enhance the tachycardic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects of opioid agonists
may increase the risk of adverse effects of opioid agonists
may increase the risk of adverse effects of opioid agonists
may increase the risk of adverse effects of opioid agonists
may have an increased hypertensive effect when combined with alpha1-agonists
it may diminish the therapeutic efficacy when combined with castor oil
When atropine is used together with hexoprenaline, the potential for hypertension to occur may be elevated
When atropine is used together with isoflurophate, this leads to a reduction in the therapeutic effectiveness of atropine
When atropine is used together with givinostat, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of Qtc prolongation
the combination of atropine and ramosetron may increase the chances of constipation
When atropine is used together with profenamine, this leads to enhanced risk or seriousness of adverse events
atropine: it may increase the severity of hypertension with procaterol
atropine: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation
atropine: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation
atropine: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation
atropine: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation
atropine: it may increase the risk or severity of QTc prolongation
the risk or extent of adverse effects can be raised when atropine is combined with benzquinamide
When atropine is used together with diazoxide, this leads to reduction in diazoxide’s antihypertensive effects
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may reduce the therapeutic effect of anti-Parkinson drugs
may enhance the risk or severity of hypertension when combined
may decrease the cholinergic effect of cholinergic agents
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may increase the risk of adverse effect of other cholinergic antagonistsÂ
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
may reduce the therapeutic effect
reduce the therapeutic effect
reduce the therapeutic effect
reduce the therapeutic effect
reduce the therapeutic effect
reduce the therapeutic effect
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of other ACE inhibitors
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of other ACE inhibitors
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of other ACE inhibitors
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of other ACE inhibitors
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of other ACE inhibitors
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of tachycardia of cannabinoid-containing products
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of tachycardia of cannabinoid-containing products
anticholinergic agents increase the toxicity of glucagon
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of itopride
it increases the toxicity of anticholinergic agents
anticholinergic agents diminish the absorption of nitroglycerin
anticholinergic agents increase the toxicity of opioid agents
anticholinergic agents increase the toxicity of opioid agents
anticholinergic agents increase the toxicity of opioid agents
anticholinergic agents increase the toxicity of opioid agents
may reduce the therapeutic effect of secretin
anticholinergic agents increase the toxic or adverse effects of topiramate
it increases the effect of anticholinergic agents
they decrease the efficacy of anticholinergic agents
they decrease the efficacy of anticholinergic agents
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of cannabinoid products
anticholinergic agents increase the effect of cannabinoid products
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of gastrointestinal agents
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of gastrointestinal agents
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of gastrointestinal agents
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of gastrointestinal agents
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of gastrointestinal agents
The severity of hypertension can be raised if atropine is taken with bumadizone
the risk of hypertension may be increased
the risk of hypertension may be increased
due to the anticholinergic activity of diphenhydramine, the effects of anticholinergics (e.g., some psychotropic drugs and atropine) may be intensified, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., colic), urinary retention, increased heart rate, and headache
anticholinergic agents decrease the efficacy of secretin methacholine
anticholinergic agents increase the constipating effect of clozapine
Atropine belongs to the anticholinergics class. It blocks the action of the acetylcholine. It is a neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for rest and digest function of body.
Atropine binds and inhibits the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system and blocks the effects of acetylcholine. This can increase the activity of sympathetic nervous system and fight to flight response.
Frequency not definedÂ
ComaÂ
DeliriumÂ
DrowsinessÂ
HeadacheÂ
NervousnessÂ
FlushingÂ
TachycardiaÂ
AtaxiaÂ
ConfusionÂ
DizzinessÂ
HallucinationsÂ
InsomniaÂ
ArrhythmiaÂ
HypotensionÂ
PalpitationÂ
Pulmonary edemaÂ
ConstipationÂ
BloatingÂ
DyspneaÂ
Delayed gastric emptyingÂ
Loss of tasteÂ
VomitingÂ
XerostomiaÂ
FeverÂ
UrticariaÂ
Urinary hesitancy and retentionÂ
AnaphylaxisÂ
Blurred visionÂ
Ocular pressure increasedÂ
Paralytic ileusÂ
Nasal drynessÂ
RashÂ
Scarlantiniform rashÂ
Angle-closure glaucomaÂ
Dry eyesÂ
NauseaÂ
AnhidrosisÂ
None
Hypersensitivity: Patient who are hypersensitive or allergic to the atropine or the component of it must not use it.
Glaucoma: Atropine may elevate the intraocular pressure and closed angle glaucoma. It is contraindicated with the patient who have this condition.
Gastrointestinal obstruction: Atropine can relax the smooth muscle which can be not good for the obstruction in the GI tract.
Prostatic hypertrophy: Atropine can lead to urinary retention in patient who have prostatic hypertrophy and contraindicated for this patient.
Cardiac arrhythmias: Atropine can worsen cardiac arrhythmias specifically which are related to the ventricular tachycardia.
Myasthenia gravis: Atropine can increase the symptoms of myasthenia gravis.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Atropine must be used with caution during the pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Caution:
Elder patients: Elder patient can be more sensitive to the effects of atropine specifically who have conditions associated with CNS like delirium and confusion.
Patients who have cardiac disease: Atropine can increase heart rate and cardiac arrhythmias. Caution must be taken when it is administering in patients who have cardiac disease.
Patients who have liver or kidney disease: Atropine is metabolized in the liver and excreted by kidneys. Caution must be taken when it is administering in patients who have impaired liver or kidney function.
Concurrent use of other medications: Atropine may interact with other medications specifically those who have anticholinergic effects like tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, and antipsychotics.
Patients who have hyperthyroidism: Atropine can increase the symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tachycardia and hypertension.
Patients who have Down syndrome:
Patients who have Down syndrome are more sensitive to the CNS effects of the atropine. It can lead to delirium or confusion.
Patients who have ulcerative colitis: Atropine can increase the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Caution must be taken when it is administering in patients who have this condition.
Pregnancy consideration: Insufficient data available.
Lactation: Excretion of the drug in human breast milk is unknown.
Pregnancy category:
Category A: well-controlled and Satisfactory studies show no risk to the fetus in the first or later trimester.
Category B: there was no evidence of risk to the fetus in animal studies, and there were not enough studies on pregnant women.
Category C: there was evidence of risk of adverse effects in animal reproduction studies, and no adequate evidence in human studies must take care of potential risks in pregnant women.
Category D: adequate data with sufficient evidence of human fetal risk from various platforms, but despite the potential risk, and used only in emergency cases for potential benefits.
Category X: Drugs listed in this category outweigh the risks over benefits. Hence these categories of drugs need to be avoided by pregnant women.
Category N: There is no data available for the drug under this category.
Pharmacology:
Atropine belongs to the anticholinergic class. It blocks the effect of acetylcholine in the body.
It inhibits the binding of the acetylcholine to the receptors and prevents the stimulation effects on the parasympathetic nervous system.
This can elevate the heart rate, dilation of pupils and reduced the secretion of saliva and relax the smooth muscle in the GI tract and bronchi.
Pharmacodynamics:
Atropine includes the effects of cholinergic receptors in the body. It is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors.
It reduces the parasympathetic activity and increases the sympathetic activity. This can lead to different physiological effects like:
Increased heart rate: Atropine blocks the effects of acetylcholine on the heart and leads to an increase in the heart rate.
Bronchodilation: Atropine relaxes the smooth muscle in the bronchi and leads to elevate the airflow and improve the respiration process.
Pupil dilation: Atropine blocks the effects of acetylcholine on the pupillary sphincter muscle and leads to the dilation of pupils.
Decrease the secretions: Atropine reduces the secretion of saliva, sweat, and other bodily fluids.
Decrease the motility of GI tract: Atropine reduces the activity of smooth muscle in the GI tract and leads to reduce the motility and secretion of gastric acid.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption:
Atropine can be administered by many routes like oral, IV, IM and subcutaneous. The bioavailability of the oral administration is low and about 25 to 30% are absorbed. The bioavailability of parenterally administered is high bout 100%.
Distribution:
Atropine is distributed widely in the body with a high levels found in the organs like brain, liver and kidney. Atropine does not cross the BBB but at the high dosage or patient who has compromised BBB function, CNS may occur.
Metabolism
Atropine is metabolized mainly in the liver by hydrolysis. It breaks down by the water. The main metabolite is tropic acid, and it is excreted in the urine.
Elimination and Excretion
Atropine and it’s metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and small amount is eliminated in the feces. The elimination ½ is about 2.5 hours.
Atropine is administered by many methods like oral, IV, IM and SC. The proper administration route is dependent in the clinical indication and condition of patient.
Atropine is administered IV or IM to get the rapid onset of action in emergency. The IV route is preferred in patient who are critically ill and need immediate treatment. The suggested IV dosage is about 0.5 to 1 mg and repeated for every 3 to 5 minutes to get the effect in adults.
Atropine is administered orally or SC in non-emergency cases. The oral route is used to treat the GI diseases like irritable bowel disease. SC route is used to treat the excessive sweating. The oral dosage is about 0.4 to 0.6 mg for 2 to 4 times a day in adults.
Patient information leaflet
Generic Name: atropine
Why do we use atropine?
Atropine is used for many reasons on the basis of the dosage, route of the administration and clinical indications.
Bradycardia: Atropine is used to treat the slow heart rate. It blocks the effects of vagus nerve and slows down the heart rate. It is used in emergency cases to increase the heart rate and cardiac output.
Anesthesia: Atropine reduces the secretion and prevent the bradycardia during the surgery and anesthesia.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Atropine is used to treat the GI diseases like irritable bowel syndrome. It reduces the smooth muscle spasms and cramping.
Ophthalmology: Atropine is used as an eye drop to dilate the pupil and relax ciliary muscle. It helps in the eye examinations and specific eye conditions like uveitis.
Respiratory disorders: Atropine reduces the secretion and dilation of the airways in patient who has respiratory disease like COPD.
Poisoning: Atropine is used as an antidote in specific types of poisoning like organophosphate insecticide poisoning. It blocks the effects of acetylcholine in the nervous system.
Both our subscription plans include Free CME/CPD AMA PRA Category 1 credits.
On course completion, you will receive a full-sized presentation quality digital certificate.
A dynamic medical simulation platform designed to train healthcare professionals and students to effectively run code situations through an immersive hands-on experience in a live, interactive 3D environment.
When you have your licenses, certificates and CMEs in one place, it's easier to track your career growth. You can easily share these with hospitals as well, using your medtigo app.
