Anthropometric Measurements as Predictors of Low Birth Weight Among Tanzanian Neonates: A Hospital-Based Study
November 7, 2025
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Brand Name :
Xopenex HFA
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
levalbuterol
Class :
Drugs for asthma and COPD & Bronchodilators Frequency defined: >10%: Headache Vomiting Viral infection Rhinitis 1%-10% Tachycardia Nervousness Dizziness Anxiety Pain Skin rash Diarrhea Tremor Weakness Pharyngitis Cough Sinusitis Fever Mucosa swelling
Brand Name :
Xopenex HFA
(United States) [Available]Synonyms :
levalbuterol
Class :
Drugs for asthma and COPD & Bronchodilators Frequency defined: >10%: Headache Vomiting Viral infection Rhinitis 1%-10% Tachycardia Nervousness Dizziness Anxiety Pain Skin rash Diarrhea Tremor Weakness Pharyngitis Cough Sinusitis Fever Mucosa swelling
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Aerosol, Inhalation:
45 mcg/actuation
Nebulization solution, Inhalation:
0.31mg/3ml
0.63mg/3ml
1.25mg/3ml
1.25mg/0.5ml
Note: 1.25 mg of levalbuterol base is equivalent to 2.5 mg of albuterol.
Metered-dose inhaler: 2 to 4 oral inhalations (45 mcg/actuation) with spacer every 20 minutes for 3 doses
Nebulization solution: 1.25mg to 2.5mg oral inhalation every 20 minutes for 3 doses
Asthma with intermittent symptoms:
Metered-dose inhaler: 2 oral inhalations with a spacer every 4 to 6 hours as needed.
Nebulization solution: 0.63 mg to 1.25 mg oral inhalation every 6 to 8 hours as needed up to 3 doses per 24 hours
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Nebulization solution: 0.63 mg to 1.25mg oral inhalation every 1 hour for 2 to 3 doses or as needed
Metered-dose inhaler: 1 to 2 oral inhalations every 1 hour for 2 to 3 doses or as needed
Dosage Forms & Strengths
Aerosol, Inhalation:
45 mcg/actuation
Nebulization solution, Inhalation:
0.31mg/3ml
0.63mg/3ml
1.25mg/3ml
1.25mg/0.5ml
Note: 1.25 mg of levalbuterol base is equivalent to 2.5 mg of albuterol.
Metered-dose inhaler: Children >4 years and Adolescents:
2 oral inhalations every 4 to 6 hours as needed
Nebulization:
Infants and Children <4 years: 0.31 to 1.25 mg oral inhalation every 4 to 6 hours as needed
Children 5 to <12 years: 0.31 to 0.63 mg oral inhalation every 8 hours as needed
Children >12 years and adolescents: 0.63 to 1.25mg oral inhalation every 6 to 8 hours as needed
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
Beta-Blockers decrease the effect of bronchiodilation of Beta2-Agonists
may increase the AV blocking effect of alpha2 agonists
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the therapeutic effect when combined with tasimelteon
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with siponimod
may have an increased AV-blocking effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressants
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressants
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressants
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressants
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressants
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with Beta2-Agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect when combined with beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect
it increases the effect of bradycardia of Beta-Blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta2-agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of cholinergic agonists
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic Agents
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
May enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-Blockers
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-blockers may enhance the vasoconstricting effect of ergot derivatives
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
beta-Blockers may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of alpha1-blockers
may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
beta-blockers may increase the hypoglycemic effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypotensive effect of beta-blockersÂ
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
may increase the hypoglycemic effect
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
it increases the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cholinergic agonists
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
bunazosin (Not available in the United States)
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of alpha1-blockers
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the effect of antidiabetic agents
may increase the adverse effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the adverse effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the adverse effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the adverse effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the adverse effect of cholinergic agonists
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of ergot derivatives
may increase the effect of insulins
may increase the effect of insulins
may increase the effect of insulins
may increase the effect of insulins
may increase the effect of insulins
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the effect of sulfonylureas
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may enhance the hypotensive effect
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with antidiabetic agents
may have an increased vasoconstricting effect when combined with ergot derivatives
may have an increased vasoconstricting effect when combined with ergot derivatives
may have an increased vasoconstricting effect when combined with ergot derivatives
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with bronchodilator
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Respiratory tract infections
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cannabis
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cannabis
may have an increased orthostatic hypotensive effect when combined with alpha1-blockers
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with sulfonylureas
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
may have an increased hypoglycemic effect when combined with insulins
there is a additive effect when beta-adrenergic blockers are combined with antiglaucoma agents
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors May enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-Blockers
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors May enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-Blockers
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors May enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-Blockers
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors May enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-Blockers
acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors May enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-Blockers
amiodarone may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the av-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may increase the hypoglycaemic effect
may increase the hypoglycaemic effect
may increase the hypoglycaemic effect
may increase the hypoglycaemic effect
may increase the hypoglycaemic effect
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of antidiabetic agents
Beta-blockers increase the concentration of bupivacaine in the serum
Beta-Blockers decrease the efficacy of dobutamine
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypertension on epinephrine
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of vasoconstriction of ergot derivatives
it increases the effect of bradycardia of Beta-Blockers
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of insulins
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of insulins
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of insulins
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of insulins
Beta-Blockers increase the effect of hypoglycemia of insulins
may increase the toxic effect
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the hypotensive effect of beta-blockers
may increase the bradycardic effect
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the bradycardic effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the AV-blocking effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the serum concentration of Beta-Blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with nifedipine
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may increase the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may reduce the effect of beta-blockers
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with mepivacaine
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the risk of adverse effects
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may increase the bradycardic effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may reduce the bronchodilatory effect
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with Decongestants
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with peptide analogs
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with peptide analogs
It may enhance the risk of adverse effects when combined with peptide analogs
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may decrease the bronchodilatory effect of beta-blockers
may have an increased bradycardic effect when combined with beta-blockers
abiraterone acetate and niraparibÂ
may decrease the therapeutic effect of immunosuppressive Agents
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increased hypotensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cannabis
may have an increasingly adverse effect when combined with cannabis
may decrease the antihypertensive effect when combined with beta-blockers
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with propranolol
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with propranolol
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with propranolol
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with propranolol
may enhance the serum concentration when combined with propranolol
Action:Â
Levalbuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist (SABA). It works by stimulating β2 receptors in the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to bronchodilation. This action relaxes the muscles around the airways, thereby opening the air passages and making it easier to breathe. Â
Spectrum:Â
Levalbuterol is primarily used for the acute relief of bronchospasm in patients with respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It helps to quickly open the airways, making breathing easier during an episode of wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness. In addition to these indications, levalbuterol may also be used off-label as part of broader management for exercise-induced bronchospasm.Â
Frequency defined:Â Â Â
>10%:Â
HeadacheÂ
VomitingÂ
Viral infectionÂ
Rhinitis Â
1%-10%Â
TachycardiaÂ
NervousnessÂ
DizzinessÂ
AnxietyÂ
PainÂ
Skin rashÂ
DiarrheaÂ
TremorÂ
WeaknessÂ
PharyngitisÂ
CoughÂ
SinusitisÂ
FeverÂ
Mucosa swelling Â
Â
Â
None
Contraindication:Â
HypersensitivityÂ
Caution:Â
Cardiovascular disordersÂ
Seizure disordersÂ
HyperthyroidismÂ
Diabetes mellitusÂ
HypokalemiaÂ
Pregnancy and lactationÂ
Pregnancy consideration: No adverse effects have been reported in animal reproduction studies.Â
Lactation: Excretion of levalbuterol in breast milk is not known. Â
Pregnancy category:Â
Levalbuterol selectively stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, leading to activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). This causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation and improved airflow.Â
Pharmacokinetics:Â
AbsorptionÂ
The peak plasma concentration of [R]-albuterol after a single dose of 1.25 mg levalbuterol solution is approximately 1.1 ng/mL, while a cumulative dose of 5 mg reaches around 4.5 ng/mL. When administered via a levalbuterol inhaler at 90 mcg, the peak plasma concentration is about 199 pg/mL. The peak plasma time for both the single 1.25 mg dose and the cumulative 5 mg dose of the solution is approximately 0.2 hours.Â
MetabolismÂ
The primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing albuterol enantiomers in humans is SULT1A3, a type of sulfotransferase.Â
Excretion and EliminationÂ
The primary route of elimination for albuterol enantiomers in humans is renal excretion, with approximately 80% to 100% of the drug being eliminated in the urine as either the unchanged parent compound or its main metabolite. A smaller portion, less than 20%, is excreted through the feces. After intravenous administration of racemic albuterol, about 25% to 46% of the (R)-albuterol component is recovered unchanged in the urine. The elimination half-life of [R]-albuterol is approximately 3.3 hours following a single 1.25 mg dose of levalbuterol, and around 4 hours after a cumulative 5 mg dose.Â
Levalbuterol is typically administered via inhalation, using either a nebulizer solution or a metered-dose inhaler (MDI). The inhaled route delivers the medication directly to the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of action and effective relief of bronchospasm.Â
Patient information leafletÂ
Generic Name: levalbuterolÂ
Pronounced: LEV-al-BUE-ter-olÂ
Why do we use levalbuterol?Â
Levalbuterol is used to provide quick relief during acute asthma attacks by relieving bronchospasm symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It is also effective in managing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), serving as a rescue medication to alleviate sudden episodes of breathing difficulty. Additionally, levalbuterol may be used off-label or as part of an asthma management plan to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), helping to reduce airway constriction triggered by physical activity.Â
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